Administration of medicines

In experimental work, some accidental exposures, or in the administration of medicine, the dose may be a certain quantity of the chemical administered at one time, such as in a pill, an injection, or an accidentally swallowed poison. In industry, time is a factor in most exposures, and the dose is the result of both the concentration of the toxic agent and the duration of the exposure. 

Zufuhr,/. addition supply, supplies (Tech.) feed conveyance importation administration (of medicines). 

Suppositories are pharmaceutical dosage forms intended for administration of medicine via the rectum, vagina, or urethra that melt, soften, or dissolve in the body cavity. Rectal and vaginal suppositories are most common but urethral suppositories are sometimes used. Suppositories are indicated for administering drugs to infants and small children, severely debilitated patients, those who cannot take medications orally, and those for whom the parenteral route might be unsuitable. Suppositories are used to administer drugs for either systemic or local application. Local applications include the... 

Pharmaceutical. Ion-exchange resins are useful in both the production of pharmaceuticals (qv) and the oral administration of medicine (32). Antibiotics (qv), such as streptomycin [57-92-1], neomycin [1404-04-2] (33), and cephalosporin C [61-24-5] (34), which are produced by fermentation, are recovered, concentrated, and purified by adsorption on ion-exchange resins, or polymeric adsorbents. Impurities are removed from other types of pharmaceutical products in a similar manner. Resins serve as catalysts in the manufacture of intermediate chemicals. 

The nasal route of drug delivery is used for the direct administration of medicines to the nose for treatment of local conditions or the systemic delivery of compounds that are not easily delivered by the oral route. It is also suggested that there may be a direct route for drug absorption to the central nervous system (CNS) from the olfactory region of the nose. 

In terms of the administration of medicines to patients with reduced liver function, the results of the above tests are of limited use. Even if it is known that there is a reduced blood flow to the liver it does not tell us how a patient will handle a particular medicine, and therefore these tests are usually more likely to be performed to give an indication of risk for a patient undergoing surgery. 

Provisions are made in the Act for the distribution of new or changed medicines without consent having been granted under sections 20, 23 or 24. Exemptions variously covering the manufacture, packing, labelling, Scile, supply and administration of medicines are given in a number of specified circumstances ... 

A less frequent but nonetheless interesting problem arises in the chemical modification of liquid, or low-melting, active principles in solid prodrugs, suitable for tablet or capsule preparation. Indeed solid dosage forms are still the most widely used for the administration of medicines, as well for patient acceptability and convenience for product stability and ease of manufacture. Their preparation implies that the active principle can itself be handled as a stable solid, an objective that is usually attained by one of the following strategies formation of a salt or a molecular complex, formation of a crystalline covalent derivative, introduction of symmetry. 

A review of prescribing, supply and administration of medicines for the Department of Health (1999) (Crown Report 2) recommended two types of prescriber independent and supplementary. 

See Chapter 14 for details of how the law on the use and administration of medicines applies to members of the health care professions.)... 

The Medicines Act divides all medicinal products into three categories general sale list (GSL) items pharmacy medicines (P) and prescription-only medicines (POM). The Act sets out legal requirements associated with each category of medicine and the administration of medicines to patients, including the use of patient specific directions (PSDs) and patient group directions (PGDs). 

Department of Health (1999) Review of Prescribing, Supply and Administration of Medicines Final report (Crown II), Department of Health, London. 

PCDs are written instructions for the supply or administration of medicines to groups of patients who may not be individually identified before presentation for treatment. 

The majority of prescription, supply and administration of medicines should be provided on a named patient basis. Under a PGD (National Health Service, 2000), the supply and administration of medicine should apply only when this route offers advantages to the patient without compromising safety. Only specific professional groups can work... 

For therapy radiographers, supply and administration of medicines is not limited to the adverse consequences of radiotherapy. These radiographers have a significant involvement in the production of images that inform radiotherapy planning and a growing number... 

Medicines management encompasses all aspects of the use of medicines in NHS Trusts, and includes the selection, procurement, delivery, prescription, dispensing and administration of medicines. Figure 15.2 illustrates examples of Trust committees that play a part in the management of medicines. 

There is a potential role for independent prescribers in diagnostic radiography, and this is particularly evident in areas of acute medical practice. There are examples of radiographers working in accident centres whose role involves diagnosis and on the basis of this they propose treatment and discharge patients (Snaith, 2007). This treatment can involve the supply and administration of medicines, particularly for pain relief. 

In some departments, it is clear that the implementation and development of prescription, supply and administration of medicines by radiographers has occurred in isolation/semi-isolation to the Trust as a whole. Consequently, good practice that is... 

Figure 2.1 Timeline. Humans have always attempted to improve their health by administration of medicines.

Prescribing, dispensing and administration of medicines for children pose a unique set of risks, predominantly because of the wide variation in body mass, which requires doses to be calculated individually based on patient age, weight or body surface area, and their clinical condition. This increases the likelihood of errors, and tenfold errors, as... 

In relation to the administration of medicines for animals, the pharmacological differences and local laws have to be observed. The pharmacokinetics of every active substance is different in each species. For anunals, especially cats, the toxic concentration of many human medicines is lower than the therapeutic dose in humans due to differences in metabolism of medicines. For example, in cats, the administratirm of acetaminophen (paracetamol) very quickly leads to intoxication with methemoglobin formation, anemia, hemoglobinuria and liver damage, as they may metabolise the medicine poorly. 

Pulmonary administration of medicines currently has the primary objective to achieve local effects in the respiratory tract of patients with chronic diseases like asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cystic fibrosis (CF). For half a century, inhalation therapy has been the cornerstone in the management of these diseases and the often life-time therapies aim to suppress inflammatory processes and bacterial infection in order to reduce hospitalisations and to improve the patient s quality of life. They also give relief to the patient in moments of bronchoconstriction. The advantages of pulmonary administration of medicines for local treatment are well known. The active substances are delivered directly to the site of action which leads to a faster response than via the systemic route. It may also result in higher local active substance concentrations and this could reduce the total dose by as much as a factor 10 compared to oral or intravenous administration. This has the advantage that systemic side effects are reduced and in combination with being a non-invasive method of administration, inhalation therapy may lead to better patient compliance. 

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