Adjuvant composition

Tengamnuay, P., and A.K. Mitra. 1990. Bile-salt fatty acid mixed micelles as nasal absorption promoters of peptides. I. Effects of ionic strength, adjuvant composition and lipid structure on the nasal absorption of [D-Arg2]kyotorphin. Pharm Res 7 127. 

Crane, R.T. Aqueous immunologic adjuvant compositions of monophosphoryl lipid A. U.S. Patent 6,491,919 B2 (2002). 

The final aspect of the current research deals with the development of therapeutic cancer vaccines. Of particular interest is the study proposed by Sprott et al ° who pointed out that synthetic archaetidylserine played a role to enhance the CDS + T cell response in mice, and that vaccines give the best protection against solid tumor growth corresponding to the archaeosome adjuvant composition that gave the highest immune activity in immunized mice. 

The adjuvanticity of liposomes depends upon their composition, number of layers and charge characteristics. They act as effective adjuvants for both protein- and carbohydrate-based antigens and help stimulate both B- and T-cell responses. Their likely mode of action includes depot formation, but they also possibly increase/enhance antigen presentation to macrophages. The exact molecular mechanism(s) by which they stimulate a T-cell response remains to be elucidated,... 

The aligned composite arrays obtained from vaccinated mice (VAC) at 4 or 24 h after in vitro restimulation or mice administered with adjuvant (ADJ) are compared to the aligned composite control sample array (N) (as outlined in Fig. 16.1) with the software s Analysis tool. Both arrays are normalized using the global normalization method in the sum mode the expression values above background signal of all genes on the arrays are used in this calculation. 

Ammonium thiocyanate is used in the manufacture of herbicides, thiourea, and transparent artificial resins in matches as a stabilizing agent in photography in various rustproofing compositions as an adjuvant in textile dyeing and printing as a tracer in oil fields in the separation of hafnium from zirconium, and in titrimetric analyses. 

The flavor enhancer monosodium glutamate (MSG) is currently used in virtually every type of savory prepared-food. Unfortunately, MSG has several deleterious side effects on a large proportion of the population. Fortunately, a naturally occurring peptide isolated from a muscle food (beef) can serve not only as a potential replacement for MSG but also as a nutritional adjuvant. The peptide, called BMP or beefy meaty peptide, acts as a flavor enhancer and is found to occur naturally in beef Chapter 6). Research on BMP suggest that it is not only non-allergenic but, by virtue of its protein composition, is a nutritionally sound replacement for MSG. 

The first trials of therapeutic vaccination against cancer using lipid A as adjuvant were performed on melanoma patients with 0.25 ml Detox. The composition of commercial vaccines used as therapeutic vaccines in humans is given in Table 2. Some trials used a pretreatment with 300... 

A number of muscarinic agonists and antagonists are launched or in clinical trials, especially as antiemetics (e.g. scopolamine), as treatment for urinary incontinence (e.g. tolterodine), glaucoma (pilocarpine), and airway diseases (e.g. ipratropium bromide), but, to the best of our knowledge, only few are used as adjuvants in analgesic compositions, e.g. tiemonium iodide which is used in various combinations with analgesics like paracetamol or metamizole (Coffalon , Visceralgine ). 

Francini G, Petrioli R, Montagnani A, Cadirni A, Campagna S, Francini E, Gonnelli S. Exemestane after tamoxifen as adjuvant hormonal therapy in postmenopausal women with breast cancer effects on body composition and lipids. Br J Cancer 2006 95(2) 153-8. 

Fig. 14.2 Cytokine responses to a human macrophage cell line (MonoMac 6) exposed to liposomal formulations of GLA. Liposomes contained the lipids indicated on the x-axis, cholesterol, and GLA. Adjuvant concentration was serially diluted by factors of 5 for each group, from left to right. LPS is the positive control. Variations in adjuvant activity are apparent depending on the phospholipid composition of the liposomes...

Davidsen, J., Andersen, P., Rosenkrands, I. Compositions and methods for stabilizing lipid based adjuvant formulations using glycolipids. U.S. Patent US 2006/0008519 Al (2006). 

No adjuvant is licensed as a medicinal product in its own right, but only as a component of a particular vaccine. Therefore preclinical and toxicology studies need to be designed on a case-by-case basis to evaluate the safety profile of the adjuvant and adjuvant/ vaccine combination [60], Evaluation in preclinical studies is important for identifying the optimum composition and formulation process and also for allowing development of tests for quality control [61]. Data from these studies also helps plan protocols for subsequent clinical trials from which safety and efficacy in humans can be evaluated. 

Table 8-3. Composition of Freund s Complete and Incomplete Adjuvants...

Many compounds can act as adjuvants. Their classification is made difficult by the variety in chemical composition and the overlapping, often poorly understood, mechanisms of action. Only aluminum adjuvants are approved by the FDA for use in human vaccines. Quil A is a saponin that is commonly used as an adjuvant in veterinary vaccines and is also a component of immune-stimulating complexes (ISCOM). These adjuvants are addressed in some detail below. A detailed discussion of other types of adjuvants can be found in recent books and reviews on this subject. 

Aluminium salts are currently the only widely used adjuvants in human vaccines (65). Developments in the understanding of the structure, composition, and preparation of immunostimulating complexes (ISCOMs) have been reviewed and compared. 

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