Adenyl cyclase system

Von Hungen, K., Roberts, S., and Hill, D. F. (1975) Interactions between lysergic acid diethylamide and dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase systems in rat brain. Brain Res., 94 57-66. 

Kacew S, Singhal RL. 1973. The influence of p,p-DDT, a-chlordane, heptachlor, and endrin on hepatic and renal carbohydrate metabolism and cyclic AMP-adenyl cyclase system. Life Sci 13 1363-1371. 

Dopamine has been implicated in a number of psychiatric conditions of which schizophrenia and the affective disorders are the most widely established. Five major subtypes of dopamine receptors have now been cloned. These are divided into two main groups, and D2 respectively. The receptors consist of Di and D5 types and are positively linked to the adenylate cyclase second messenger system, while the D2 group consists of the D2, D3 and D4 receptors which are negatively linked to the adenylate cyclase system. 

Janowsky, A., Okada, R, Manier, D.H., Applegate, C.D., Sulser, R, and Steranka, L.R. (1982) Role of serotonergic input in the regulation of the P-adrenergic receptor-coupled adenylate cyclase system. Science 218 900—901. 

Geisler A, Klysner R, Andersen PH Influence of lithium in vitro and in vivo on the catecholamine-sensitive cerebral adenylate cyclase systems. Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica 56 80-97, 1985... 

Newman ME, Belmaker RH Effects of lithium in vitro and ex vivo on components of the adenylate cyclase system in membranes from the cerebral cortex of the rat. Neuropharmacology 26 211-217, 1987... 

G-protein coupled receptors (e.g., adenylate cyclase system, phospholipase... 

This toxin subunit is an enzyme, an ADP-ribo-syltransferase which catalyzes transfer of ADP-ribosyl units from the coenzyme NAD+ to specific arginine side chains to form N-ADP-ribosyl derivatives of various proteins. Of the proteins modified by cholera toxin, the most significant is the guanyl nucleotide regulatory protein Gs of the adenylate cyclase system.C/f/h ADP ribosylation of arginine 201 of the a subunit of protein Gs inhibits the GTP hydrolysis that normally allows the protein to relax to an unactivated form.e The ADP-ribosylated Gs keeps adenylate cyclase activated continuously and... 

As mentioned earlier, the adenylate cyclase system is hormone sensitive and many hormones are capable of regulating the enzymes involved in either a stimulatory or an inhibitory manner, thus modulating... 

These studies all support the hypothesis that external stimuli of the elicitor cause an increase in the cytoplasmic Ca2+ level via the phosphatidylinositol cycle and/or the adenylate cyclase system. Although an authoritative picture of this process cannot yet be given, possible signal transduction mechanisms are summarized in Fig. (2). At present the data... 

Pertseva, M.N. (1981). On the significance of membrane lipids for functioning of the hormone-sensitive adenylate cyclase system (In Russian). Zhumal Evolutsionnoy Biokhimii i Physiologii 27,281-286. 

Ki for haloperidol. Spiroperidol and haloperidol are of comparable potency in several dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase systems. 

Since cyclic AMP derivatives and inhibitors of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase stimulate prolactin release (17, 37, 38) and dopamine is a potent inhibitor of prolactin secretion (1, ly 39), it is not surprising that the catecholamine does not stimulate the adenylate cyclase system. On the contrary, the data summarized above show that the pituitary DA receptor is negatively coupled to adenylate cyclase. The pituitary DA receptor is thus a typical DA -receptor (40, 41). In view of the multiplicity of factors involved in the control of prolactin secretion, including sex steroids, it is likely that mechanisms other than cyclic AMP are involved (39, 42). It does however appear that inhibition of cyclic AMP formation by dopamine is a key element in a multifactorial control system responsible for the fine tuning of prolactin secretion. 

Since the adenylate cyclase system has been well demonstrated to play a mediatory role in controlling the action of B-adrenergic and dopaminergic agents in pars intermedia cells (5-13, 41), we have studied the possibility of a similar role of cyclic AMP in CRF action. After a 10-min incubation with increasing CRF concentrations, an approximately 6-fold increase in cyclic AMP content is measured at an ED q value of 6 nM (Fig. 5A). A maximal stimulatory effect of CRF on cyclic AMP accumulation is observed 2 min after addition of CRF. As observed on a-MSH secretion, preincuba-... 

Asano M, Masuzawa K, Matsuda T, Asano T. 1988. Reduced function of the stimulatory GTP-binding protein in beta adrenoceptor-adenylate cyclase system of femoral arteries isolated from spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 246 709-718. 

Freissmuth, M., Schutz, W., Weindlmayer-Gottel, M., Zimpfer, M., and Spiss, C.K. 1987. Effects of ischemia on the canine myocardial 3-adrenoceptor-linked adenylate cyclase system. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 10 568-574. 

Rocha-Singh, K.J., Honbo, N.Y., and Karliner, J.S. 1991. Hypoxia and glucose independently regulate the p-adrenergic receptor-adenylate cyclase system in cardiac myocytes. J. Clin. Invest. 88 204-213. 

Yoshie, H., Tobise, K., and Onodera, S. 1994. Intraventricular changes in the P-adrenoceptor-adenylate cyclase system of the rat heart with the progress of monocrotaline-induced right ventricular hypertrophy. Jpn. Circ. J. 58 855-865. 

Effects of thyroid hormone on the receptor-adenylate cyclase system in the adipocyte and the hepatocyte... 

Receptors for protein hormones can be coupled to different transducing systems. Most of the data from studies approximately 10 years ago showed that many receptors are coupled to the adenylate cyclase system. However in the early 1980s it became clear that calcium fluxes and phospholipid turnover could also be important in conveying hormonal signals. During the last few years the number of papers describing the effects of hormones on phospholipid metabolism and calcium fluxes has increased tremendously and has outnumbered studies on cyclic AMP. 

Uncoupling of the LH receptor from the adenylate cyclase system... 

Hunzicker-Dunn et al. [73] and Ezra and Salomon [74] suggested that the desensitization of the ovarian adenylate cyclase system by LH involves a phosphorylation reaction. The latter may alter the conformation of the receptor and/or Gs. If phosphorylation is the mechanism it may well be mediated by protein kinase C because phorbol esters, which are presumed to activate this enzyme, mimic LH induced desensitization in Leydig tumour cells [75,76]. There are, however, differences between LH- and phorbol ester induced desensitization [76], Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase is probably not involved because dibutyryl cyclic AMP does not mimic LH induced desensitization in Leydig cells [70]. 

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