Adenosine triphosphate aerobic

Recent work has shown that bacteria, in common with chloroplasts and mitochondria, are able, through the membrane-bound electron transport chain aerobically, or the membrane-bound adenosine triphosphate (ATP) anerobically, to maintain a gradient of electrical potential and pH such that the interior of the bacterial cell is negahve and alkaline. This potential gradient and the electrical equivalent of the pH difference (1 pH unit = 58 mV at 37°C) give a potential difference across the membrane of 100-180 mV, with the inside negative. The membrane is impermeable to protons, whose extmsion creates the potential described. 

Facultative anaerobe An organism that makes adenosine triphosphate by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but switches to fermentation under anaerobic conditions. 

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) The principal chemical energy source for cellular processes. It is largely produced during aerobic metabolism. In the neuron most ATP is used in the maintenance of the electrochemical gradient required to generate an action potential. 

The toxic effect of cyanide is attributed predominantly to the production of anoxia following inhibition of the metal-containing enzymes. The critical interaction appears to be the inhibition of the terminal respiratory chain enzyme, cytochrome oxidase as (containing iron) within the mitochondria. The enzyme is essential for the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). As a result, aerobic oxidative... 

Cyanide is described as a cellular toxin because it inhibits aerobic metabolism. It reversibly binds with ferric (Fe " ") iron-containing cytochrome oxidase and inhibits the last step of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. This inhibition halts carbohydrate metabolism from citric acid cycle, and intracellular concentrations of adenosine triphosphate are rapidly depleted. When absorbed in high enough doses, respiratory arrest quickly ensues, which is probably caused by respiratory muscle failure. Cardiac arrest and death inevitably follow. 

A question occurs as to why the bacterial enzyme has such a complicated structure, because hydroxylamine is oxidized to nitrite by the catalysis of ferric ion under aerobic conditions. In the nonenzymatic reaction, molecular oxygen is incorporated into nitrite formed by the oxidation of hydroxylamine, while the oxygen atom of water is incorporated into nitrite formed by the enzymatic oxidation of hydroxylamine (see below) (Yamanaka and Sakano, 1980 Andersson and Hooper, 1983). The mechanism in the bacterial oxidation of hydroxylamine will have been devised to reserve efficiently the energy of the reaction for the biosynthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). 

Aerobic metabolism, the mechanism by which the chemical bond energy of food molecules is captured and used to drive the oxygen-dependent synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the cell s energy storage molecule, takes place within mitochondria. 

The Krebs cycle is a series of enzymatic reactions that catalyzes the aerobic metabolism of fuel molecules to carbon dioxide and water, thereby generating energy for the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules. The Krebs cycle is so named because much of its elucidation was the work of the British biochemist Hans Krebs. Many types of fuel molecules can be drawn into and utilized by the cycle, including acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA), derived from glycolysis or fatty acid oxidation. Some amino acids are metabolized via the enzymatic reactions of the Krebs cycle. In eukaryotic cells, all but one of the enzymes catalyzing the reactions of the Krebs cycle are found in the mitochondrial matrixes. 

Mitochondria (singular = mitochondrion) are the so-called "power plants" of eukaryotic cells because they are the major source of energy for these cells under aerobic conditions (when oxygen is present). Mitochondria are the sites where complex processes involved in energy generation (such as electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation) are found. The product of mitochondrial action is chemical energy stored in the form of adenosine triphosphate, more commonly called ATP. 

Aerobic respiration. Process in which compounds are oxidized with oxygen serving as the terminal electron acceptor, nsnally accompanied by production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by oxidative phosphorylation. 

Substrate-level phosphorylation. Prodnction of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the direct transfer of a high-energy phosphate molecnle to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) dnring catabolism of a phosphorylated organic componnd. It occurs under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. 

One of the most important functions of the microcirculation is the delivery of O2 to tissue and the removal of waste products, particularly of CO2, from tissue. O2 is required for aerobic intracellular respiration for the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). C02is produced as a by-product of these biochemical reactions. Tissue metabolic rate can change drastically, for example, in aerobic muscle in the transition... 

Under aerobic conditions, in which most cells grow, mitochondria are the site of (i) the tricarboxylic acid cycle which transforms (to carbon dioxide, water, and energy) the acetyl-CoA which is produced by the metabolism of both carbohydrates and fatty acids (ii) the enzymes that oxidize and convert fatty acids to acetyl-CoA (iii) the respiratory-chain enzymes which transmit, to atmospheric oxygen, the electrons removed from all the various metabolic substrates, and store part of the energy, obtained in this way, as adenosine triphosphate. The enzymes of carbohydrate glycolysis (the Meyerhof sequence) are in the cytoplasm. 

Respiration is a process in which chemical reactions oxidize lipids and carbohydrates to carbon dioxide and water to produce energy, while the organelle responsible for aerobic respiration known as mitochondria. Part of the released energy is stored as chemical energy adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and part is lost as heat. This complex process can be influenced by several intrinsic factors such as product size, variety, maturity, type of tissue and extrinsic factors such as temperature, concentration of O2 and CO2 and mechanical damage (Day, 1993). 

In eukaryotes, oxidative phosphorylation occurs in mitochondria, while photophosphorylation occurs in chloroplasts to produce ATP. Oxidative phosphorylation involves the reduction of O2 to H2O with electrons donated by NADH and FADH2 in all aerobic organisms. After, carbon fuels (nutrients) are oxidized in the citric acid cycle, electrons with electron-motive force is converted into a proton-motive force. Photophosphorylation involves the oxidation of H2O to O2, with NADP as electron acceptor. Therefore, the oxidation and the phosphorylation of ADP are coupled by a proton gradient across the membrane. In both organelles, mitochondria and chloroplast electron transport chains pump protons across a membrane from a low proton concentration region to one of high concentration. The protons flow back from intermembrane to the matrix in mitochondria, and from thylakoid to stroma in chloroplast through ATP synthase to drive the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate. Therefore, the adenosine triphosphate is produced within the matrix of mitochondria and within the stroma of chloroplast. 

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