Aerobic muscle

Aerobic muscle Lactating Mammary gland Heart... 

It is a valid generalization that there is more carnosine in anaerobic, glycolytic, white muscle than in red, aerobic, muscle (Table 3.2). 

Storey, K.B. Purification and characterization of arginine kinase from the mantle muscle of the squid, Symplectoteuthis oualaniensis. Role of the phosphagen/phosphagen kinase system in a highly aerobic muscle. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 179, 518-526 (1977)... 

The ketone bodies are water soluble and are transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane as well as across the blood-brain barrier and cell membranes. Thus, they can be used as a fuel source by a variety of tissues including the CNS. They are preferred substrates for aerobic muscle and heart, thus sparing glucose when they are available. 

One of the most important functions of the microcirculation is the delivery of O2 to tissue and the removal of waste products, particularly of CO2, from tissue. O2 is required for aerobic intracellular respiration for the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). C02is produced as a by-product of these biochemical reactions. Tissue metabolic rate can change drastically, for example, in aerobic muscle in the transition... 

This is true of skeletal muscle, particularly the white fibers, where the rate of work output—and therefore the need for ATP formation—may exceed the rate at which oxygen can be taken up and utilized. Glycolysis in erythrocytes, even under aerobic conditions, always terminates in lactate, because the subsequent reactions of pymvate are mitochondrial, and erythrocytes lack mitochondria. Other tissues that normally derive much of their energy from glycolysis and produce lactate include brain, gastrointestinal tract, renal medulla, retina, and skin. The liver, kidneys, and heart usually take up... 

Muscle Fast twitch Slow twitch Rapid movement Sustained movement Glycolysis Aerobic pathways, eg, p-oxidation and citric acid cycle Glucose Ketone bodies, triacylglycerol in VLDL and chylomicrons, free fatty acids Lactate Lipoprotein lipase. Respiratory chain well developed. 

Under Aerobic Conditions, Muscle Generates ATP Mainly by Oxidative Phosphorylation... 

Skeletal muscle functions under both aerobic (resting) and anaerobic (eg, sprinting) conditions, so both aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis operate, depending on conditions. 

Skeletal muscle contains different types of fibers primarily suited to anaerobic (fast twitch fibers) or aerobic (slow twitch fibers) conditions. 

Two major types of muscle fibers are found in humans white (anaerobic) and red (aerobic). The former are particularly used in sprints and the latter in prolonged aerobic exercise. During a sprint, muscle uses creatine phosphate and glycolysis as energy sources in the marathon, oxidation of fatty acids is of major importance during the later phases. Nonmuscle cells perform various types of mechanical work carried out by the structures constituting the cytoskeleton. These strucmres include actin filaments (microfilaments), micrombules (composed primarily of a- mbulin and p-mbulin), and intermediate filaments. The latter include keratins, vimentin-like proteins, neurofilaments, and lamins. 

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