Adenosine triphosphate energy

Calculation of Conformational Free Energies for a Model of a Bilobal Enzyme Protein kinases catalyze the transfer of phosphate from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to protein substrates and are regulatory elements of most known pathways of signal transduction. 

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a key compound m biological energy storage and delivery... 

Active Transport. Maintenance of the appropriate concentrations of K" and Na" in the intra- and extracellular fluids involves active transport, ie, a process requiring energy (53). Sodium ion in the extracellular fluid (0.136—0.145 AfNa" ) diffuses passively and continuously into the intracellular fluid (<0.01 M Na" ) and must be removed. This sodium ion is pumped from the intracellular to the extracellular fluid, while K" is pumped from the extracellular (ca 0.004 M K" ) to the intracellular fluid (ca 0.14 M K" ) (53—55). The energy for these processes is provided by hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and requires the enzyme Na" -K" ATPase, a membrane-bound enzyme which is widely distributed in the body. In some cells, eg, brain and kidney, 60—70 wt % of the ATP is used to maintain the required Na" -K" distribution. 

The modes of action for niclosamide are interference with respiration and blockade of glucose uptake. It uncouples oxidative phosphorylation in both mammalian and taenioid mitochondria (22,23), inhibiting the anaerobic incorporation of inorganic phosphate into adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Tapeworms are very sensitive to niclosamide because they depend on the anaerobic metaboHsm of carbohydrates as their major source of energy. Niclosamide has selective toxicity for the parasites as compared with the host because Httle niclosamide is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Adverse effects are uncommon, except for occasional gastrointestinal upset. 

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Common energy-donating molecule in biochemical reactions. Also an important compound in transfer of phosphate groups. 

ATP Adenosine triphosphate. Chemical energy generated by substrate oxidations is conserved by formation of high-energy compounds such as adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or compounds containing the thioester bond. 

Energy, life, and adenosine triphosphate (Nobel lecture) 98AG(E)2296. 

Ill these simultaneous reactions, die energy released when the complex molecule AB is broken down is immediately used to build a molecule of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from a molecule of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and an inorganic phosphate (P,). ATP is a high energy compound. It is called the energy currency of the body because once it is formed, it provides energy that the body can spend later to drive vital reactions in cells (Figure 1). 

Figure 29.1 An overview of catabolic pathways for the degradation of food and the production of biochemical energy. The ultimate products of food catabolism are C02 and H2O, with the energy released in the citric acid cycle used to drive the endergonic synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) plus phosphate ion, HOPO32-.

The energy released in catabolic pathways is used in the electron-transport chain to make molecules of adenosine triphosphate, ATP. ATP, the final result of food catabolism, couples to and drives many otherwise unfavorable reactions. 

ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and ATP (adenosine triphosphate) are complex organic molecules (Fig. 17.9) that, in essence, differ only hy the presence of an extra phosphate group in ATP. In the coupled reaction with glucose, about 38 mol of ATP are synthesized for every mole of glucose consumed. This gives an overall free energy change for the coupled reaction of... 

In living cells adenosin triphosphate plays an important roll in the transfer of energy. 

The relative strengths of bonds are important for understanding the way that energy is used in bodies to power our brains and muscles. For instance, adenosine triphosphate, ATP (35), is found in ever)- living cell. The triphosphate part of this molecule is a chain of three phosphate groups. One of the phosphate groups is removed in a reaction with water. The P O bond in ATP requires only 276 kjmol-1 to break and the new P—O bond formed in H2P04 releases 350 kj-mol-1 when it forms. As a result, the conversion of ATP to adenosine diphosphate, ADP, in the reaction... 

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an extremely important molecule in biological systems. Consult standard reference sources in your library to describe how this molecule is used in energy transfer to facilitate nonspontaneous processes necessary for life. 

Phosphate also plays a central role in the transmission and control of chemical energy within the cells primarily via the hydrolysis of the terminal phosphate ester bond of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecule (Fig. 14-3b). In addition, phosphate is a necessary constituent of phospholipids, which are important components in cell membranes, and as mentioned before, of apatite, which forms structural body parts such as teeth and bones. It is not surprising, therefore, that the cycling of P is closely linked with biological processes. This connection is, in fact, inseparable as organisms cannot exist without P, and their existence controls, to a large extent, the natural distribution of P. 

C13-0024. Nucleotides can contain more than one phosphate group. One example is energy-storing adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is discussed in Chapter 14. An ATP molecule is formed in two sequential condensation reactions between phosphoric acid and the phosphate group of AMP ... 

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