Adenomas epidemiology

Although several epidemiological studies have suggested a positive association between dichlorvos exposure and cancer, conclusions are limited because all have involved small study groups and exposure to several agents. In animal studies chronic gavage administration of dichlorvos caused a dose-related increase in papillomas of the forestomach in mice and a dose-related increase in mononuclear-cell leukemia and an increased incidence of pancreatic acinar cell adenomas in male rats. The lARC has determined that there is sufficient evidence for the carcinogenicity of DDVP in experimental animals and inadequate evidence in humans. ... 

Epidemiologic evidence suggests that low exposure to sunlight, low dietary intake of vitamin D and low plasma levels of 25(OH)D3 and 1, 25(OH)2D3 increase the risk of developing colon, breast and prostate cancer (Studzinski and Moore, 1995 van den Bemd et al., 2000 Zittermann, 2003). There is evidence that vitamin D deficiency can attenuate the beneficial effect of dietary calcium for the prevention of colonic adenoma and carcinoma (Parodi, 2001a). 

Epidemiology and aetiology Adenomas have an incidence of 4-10/100,000 inhabitants/year. They are almost exclusively found in women during their reproductive years. Children are rarely affected. (28) In men, the risk is higher when they take anabolic agents. In about 90% of cases, there is a correlation with the intake of oral contraceptives over many years this was pointed out for the first time by J.K. Baum et al. in 1973. (19, 21, 25, 31, 32) There is also an association with the polycystic ovary syndrome. (33) An adenoma can develop in glycogenosis types I and III (with multilocular nodulation) (29) as well as in type IV. (16) The administration of various other drugs (e.g. carbamazepine) has also been associated with adenomas. 

Epidemiology of Diet and Colon Cancer Epidemiological Study of Colorectal Adenomas... 

Wang, W Xue, S Ingles, S.A., Chen, Q Diep, A.T., Frankl, H.D., Stolz, A. and Haile, R.W. (2001) An association between genetic polymorphisms in the ileal sodium-dependent bile add transporter gene and the risk of colorectal adenomas. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers el Prevention, 10 (9), 931-936. 

The epidemiological data suggest a reduction in risk of between 40 and 50%. Prostaglandins have been implicated as contributors to the development and progression of colon cancer because cyclooxygenase expression is substantially elevated in human colorectal carcinomas and adenomas... 

Pathological criteria for classifying thyroid cancer may show discrepancies in the differentiation between foUicu-lar adenoma and minimally invasive follicular carcinoma, and between follicular neoplasia and the folficular variant of papillary carcinoma (Lloyd et al., 2004 Saxen et ai, 1978). The inclusion of papillary microcarcinomas (1.0 cm or less in diameter), which are usually incidental findings or detected by the use of ultrasound-guided thyroid fine-needle aspiration cytology (Lin et al., 1997), the existence of radioactive fallout, which may lead to an increase of differentiated thyroid carcinoma and a rise in population age with time, should also be taken into account when analyzing the epidemiology of thyroid cancer. 

Peipins LA, Sandler RS. Epidemiology of colorectal adenomas. Epidemiol Rev. 1994 16 273—297. 

B vitamin intake or vitamin blood concentrations have also been related to various cancers. The cancer types that have been best investigated with respeet to folic acid are colon cancer and colorectal cancer. Convincing evidence from observational studies led to the initiation of randomized controlled trials with folic acid in colorectal adenomas. However, similar to cardiovascular disease, there seems to be a discrepancy between the observational epidemiological studies that reported in the majority an inverse association of folate and cancer risk, and the effect of folic acid supplementation in the randomized controlled trials, which reported no effect of folic add on recurrence of colorectal adenoma risk. 

The association between folate intake and colorectal cancer in 27 observational epidemiological studies was analysed in a recent meta-analysis (Keimedy et al. 2011). This meta-analysis, which included 18 case-control studies and nine cohort studies, showed that high folate intake was associated with reduced risk of colorectal adenomas. The association was stronger in case-control studies [relative risk (RR) 0.85 95% confidence interval (Cl) 0.74-0.99] than in cohort studies (RR 0.92 95% Cl 0.81-1.05). 

Miller PE, Lesko SM, Muscat JE, Lazarus P, Hartman TJ (2010) Dietary patterns and colorectal adenoma and cancer risk a review of the epidemiological evidence. Nutr CancCT 62 413 24... 

Riberio A, Burgart LJ, Nagorney DM et al (1998) Management of liver adenomatosis results with a conservative surgical approach. Liver Transpl Siug 4 388-398 Rooks JB, Ory HW, Ishak KG, et al (1979) Epidemiology of hepatocellular adenoma the role of oral contraceptive use. JAMA 242 644-648... 

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