Additives perfume

Stofberg J. and Stoffelsma J. (1981) Consumption of flavoring materials as food ingredients and food additives, Perfum. Flavor. 5 (7), 19-35. 

Today, soap is made a little differently. The hydrolysis is generally accomplished without the use of lye. Coconut oil, palm oil, and cottonseed oil are used in addition to animal tallow. For bar soaps, an abrasive, such as pumice, is occasionally added to aid in the removal of tough grease and oil from your skin. In addition, perfumes may be added, and air may be mixed with the soap to get it to float. 

Plants represent most stmcturally vast and varied source of natural products, although less than half of the estimated 200,000-1- secondary metabolites have been identified at the present time [1]. In nature, a plethora of phytochemicals have specialized functions in ecological interactions and are frequently produced in response to pathogen or abiotic stresses [2]. These natural secondary compounds can play a beneficial or deleterious role in the plant-insect, plant-pathogen, and plant-plant relations [3]. Owing to their large number and great diversity, the secondary metabolites hold an immense potential in industrial and/or medicinal apphcation fields [4], notably as cosmetics, food additives, perfumes, and biopharmaceuticals for the human and... 

Cosmetics Personal application products fragrance additives Perfume and cologne development product enhancement consumer appeal... 

Multiple emulsions (W/O/W or O/W/O) are ideal systems for application in cosmetics for the following reasons [15] (1) one can dissolve additives in three different compartments, e.g. with W/O/W multiple emulsions, one can incorporate two different water-soluble additives (proteins, enzymes and vitamins) and an oil-soluble additive (perfume) (2) they can be usefully applied for sustained release by control of the breakdown process on application (3) they allow one to produce the same cream consistency as produced by emulsions, e.g. by incorporating thickeners in the outer phase. 

SNG Substitute natural gas. soaps Sodium and potassium salts of fatty acids, particularly stearic, palmitic and oleic acids. Animal and vegetable oils and fats, from which soaps are prepared, consist essentially of the glyceryl esters of these acids. In soap manufacture the oil or fat is heated with dilute NaOH (less frequently KOH) solution in large vats. When hydrolysis is complete the soap is salted out , or precipitated from solution by addition of NaCl. The soap is then treated, as required, with perfumes, etc. and made into tablets. 

The aerosol container has enjoyed commercial success ia a wide variety of product categories. Insecticide aerosols were iatroduced ia the late 1940s. Additional commodities, including shave foams, hair sprays, antiperspirants, deodorants, paints, spray starch, colognes, perfumes, whipped cream, and automotive products, followed ia the 1950s. Mediciaal metered-dose aerosol products have also been developed for use ia the treatment of asthma, migraine headaches, and angiaa. 

Other Additives. To provide and maintain the clarity of clear shampoos, the use of either ethyl or isopropyl alcohol maybe employed. Perfumes are added to make shampoos more pleasing in terms of odor, while dyes are incorporated to give visual aesthetics to the products. Salts of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid are found to sequester and prevent formation of insoluble alkaline-earth metal salts. 

Ethynylation. Base-catalyzed addition of acetylene to carbonyl compounds to form -yn-ols and -yn-glycols (see Acetylene-DERIVED chemicals) is a general and versatile reaction for the production of many commercially useful products. Finely divided KOH can be used in organic solvents or Hquid ammonia. The latter system is widely used for the production of pharmaceuticals and perfumes. The primary commercial appHcation of ethynylation is in the production of 2-butyne-l,4-diol from acetylene and formaldehyde using supported copper acetyHde as catalyst in an aqueous Hquid-fiHed system. 

Acetophenone can react with formaldehyde to yield light-resistant resins which are used as additives in nitrocellulose paints. It is also used as a photoinitiator, and in the pharmaceuticals, perfumery, and pesticide industries (344). It can be hydrogenated to 1-phenylethanol which is used for the production of aromatic ester fragrances (345). Technical-grade acetophenone is available at 2.29/kg perfume-grade acetophenone was 6.50/kg in October 1994. 

A commercially important outlet in the fragrance industry is the methyl dihydrojasmonate [24851-98-7] (26) which is made by Michael addition of a malonate to 2-pentyl-2-cyclopenten-l-one [91791 -21 -8] (52) and which is used in perfumery for blossom fragrances, particularly jasmine (see Perfumes). 

Isopropyl alcohol is also employed widely as a solvent for cosmetics (qv), eg, lotions, perfumes, shampoos, skin cleansers, nail poHshes, makeup removers, deodorants, body oils, and skin lotions. In cosmetic appHcations, the acetone-like odor of isopropyl alcohol is masked by the addition of fragrance (144). 

In addition, vanillin was among the three or four aroma chemicals that helped perfumers of the past to imagine a new generation of fragrance combinations. The work done in organic chemistry by chemical companies has helped perfumers who had been restrained in their creation by the avadabihty of raw materials, which include natural oils and extracts made by the enfleurage process, ie, the property of perfumes to stick on fat and greases. Those extracts were weak, flat, and unpleasant. 

Flavor-Masking Deodorant. In addition to its use as a constituent of perfume compositions, vanillin is also useful as a deodorant to mask the unpleasant odor of many manufactured goods. As a masking agent for numerous types of ill-smelling mass-produced industrial products, particularly those of synthetic mbber, plastics, fiber glass, inks, etc, vanillin finds extensive use. It is often the most inexpensive material for the amount of masking effect it provides. Only traces are required for this purpose as the odor of vanillin is perceptible in dilutions of 2 x 10 mg/m of air. Cmde vanillin is acceptable for such purposes. 

As a result of the diene addition reaction, CPD has been converted into innumerable derivatives, some of which are tabulated in Table 3. The products obtained from the diene addition reaction are extremely versatile chemicals suitable as intermediates for the production of plasticizers, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, resins, paint driers, perfumes, and many other products. 

The acetates of most alcohols are also commercially available and have diverse uses. Because of their high solvent power, ethyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, amyl, and isoamyl acetates are used in ceUulose nitrate and other lacquer-type coatings (see Cellulose, esters). Butyl and hexyl acetates are exceUent solvents for polyurethane coating systems (see Coatings Urethane polymers). Ethyl, isobutyl, amyl, and isoamyl acetates are frequentiy used as components in flavoring (see Flavors and spices), and isopropyl, benzyl, octyl, geranyl, linalyl, and methyl acetates are important additives in perfumes (qv). 

Aryl ethers have distinctive, pleasant odors and flavors which make them valuable to the perfume (qv) and flavor industries (see Elavors and spices). Because of their heat stabiHty, they are useful as heat-transfer fluids (see HeaT-EXCHANGETECHNOLOGy). Other aryl ethers are useful as food preservatives and antioxidants (see Eood additives). 

The commercial product, as put on to the market, was originally a 10 per cent, solution of ionone in alcohol. This was due not only to the expensive nature of the product, but also to the fact that its odour is very intense, and when pure, not like that of violets. Ten grams of this solution are sufficient to produce 1 kilo of triple extract of violets when diluted with pure spirit. But to-day 100 per cent, violet perfumes, such as the violettone, above mentioned, are regular commercial articles. The perfume is improved both lor extracts and soaps by the addition of a little orris oil, but in the author s opinion the odour of ionone is not nearly so delicate as that of the natural violet, although far more powerful. 

The information presented in this chapter is intended to provide a brief overview of the composition, performance, and formulation properties of LAS by itself and in combination with other surfactants. The particular performance synergies and processing characteristics of certain combinations of surfactants are discussed briefly. The examples of mixed active formulations provided herein represent to the best of the author s knowledge the approximate levels of major surfactants in actual household detergent products both past and present. This does not imply that these formulations are complete because many additives, such as bleaches, enzymes, builders, hydrotropes, thickeners, perfumes, and coloring agents, may also be present in varying amounts. 

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