Additional safety features

EBRII (USA) blast shield, isolation system with containment building 

PFR(UK) NP, leak jacket which would contain sodium above core level 

EP - elevated piping guard vessel to limit effect of pipe mpture 

EC - elevations of the core, IHX dump HX to ensure natural convection cooling 

PC - provision for collecting and cooling core debris following core meltdown or partial meltdown 

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The construction of high-voltage starters employs much greater clearances and provides additional safety features such as grounded barriers between the high- and low-voltage sections of the starter. Extensive mechanical and electrical interlocking is also used for additional safety. 

One solution to this issue is to use automation wherever possible and to use continuous (more properly referred to as steady-state) reactions rather than batch ones. Doing so, of course, is likely to increase the capital cost of the plant and reduce the versatility of the process and so the optimum balance must be found. The use of hazardous materials or high pressures will also increase the cost of the plant. In the former case, the materials of construction and the safety precautions will add to the cost. In the latter, the vessels must be stronger, hence usually thicker-walled and with additional safety features, again resulting in higher costs. The capital cost is usually depreciated over a set time, determined by the average lifetime of the type of plant in question. For example, if a plant costs 1,000,000 and is expected to last for 10 years, the annual depreciation would be 100,000. If the output is 10 ton per annum, then the capital depreciation will add 10 per kg to the cost of the product. 

Conventional operation of a fluidized bed for food or particulate application mainly deals with the dehydration of water. Drying of pharmaceutics very often involves the dehydration of volatiles and organic solvents. This is partly due to the insolubility of most drug materials. Therefore, additional safety features have to be put in place in the operation of a fluidized bed for drug particle granulation applications. Such potential hazard is further enhanced by a dusty environment within a fluidized bed. 

On board the support vessel an electro-chemical oxidation system will be installed which will destroy the organic compounds recovered from the seabed. This system is tightly sealed from the environment and can be operated with slightly negative pressure as an additional safety feature. The transfer container can be docked onto the e.c.o.s. plant and the chemical warfare agent together with the scrap metal is then transferred into the process. Within the process plant the organic compounds are completely and safely destroyed and the scrap metal is scoured to remove any CW residues. 

Any retrofit actions required to improve safety are minimised through the timely inclusion of appropriate additional safety features that are implemented when necessary. 

To help improve safety, handwritten insulin orders and manual transcription of insulin orders in the pharmacy were eliminated. To reduce the likelihood that nurses might draw up incorrect doses of insulin on hospital units, an insulin dosing device was piloted on several units. The device was found to virtually eliminate the chance of a nurse drawing up an incorrect dose. Additional safety features of the device included color coding for different types of insulin, a one-patient disposable unit, and a large dial with audible clicking when a dose of insulin was dialed. 

SHIELDING, CONTAINMENT AND SAFETY FEATURES (cont.) 9.4. Additional safety features... 

At the time of writing, the authors are aware of only one commercially available device specifically designed for colonic insufflation (Fig. 5.5, Protocol colon insufflation system, E-Z-EM Inc, Westbury, NY, USA). This system electronically controls the flow rate of carbon dioxide increasing over time in a step wise fashion from 1 to 3 L/min to prevent spasm (1 L/min for the first 0.5 L, 2 L/min from 0.5 to 1.0 L, and then 3.0 L/min thereafter). The total volume of gas administered is displayed continuously and, if intracolonic pressure (measured at the rectal catheter tip) increases beyond the limit set by the user (up to a maximum of 25 mm Hg), the system automatically shuts down to prevent further insufflation and so reduces the risk of colonic perforation. In the latest version, insufflation automatically ceases when a total of 4 L of gas have been administered and then for every 2 L administered beyond this. To recommence insufflation, the operator needs to manually override this additional safety feature by pressing the start button. 

Contrary to some public fears, however, a nuclear power plant cannot become a nuclear bomb. The uranium fuel used in electricity generation is not sufficiently enriched in U-235 to produce a nuclear detonation. In addition, U.S. nuclear power plants have additional safety features designed to prevent similar accidents. For example, U.S. nuclear power plants have large containment structures designed to contain radioactive debris in the event of an accident. 

The amount of reactivity that can be introduced and its rate of introduction, reactivity control, and inherent and additional safety features ... 

Besides the integral primary system conflguration, additional safety features of BN-1200 compared to BN-800 include ... 

Fig. lb). This mutant replicates in 293 cells at 32°C, but not at 39°C, potentially bringing an additional safety feature to this vector (61-64). El-deleted second-generation vectors have also been developed with deletions in most (except for open reading fiame six, ORF6) or all of the E4 region (Fig. lb) in an attempt to limit late viral gene expression (65-67). 

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