Addition compounds additive names

These contracted names of heterocyclic nitrogen compounds are retained as alternatives for systematic names, sometimes with indicated hydrogen. In addition, names of 0x0 derivatives of fully saturated nitrogen heterocycles that systematically end in -idinone are often contracted to end in -idone when no ambiguity might result. For example. 

This is a term introduced by Gokel and co-workers only very recently. The compounds included in this class are those which have single macrorings like crowns but additional pendant donor groups which make them similar in some respects to crytands. The presumption from which the name derives is that a complexed cation will be bound by both the macroring and the sidechain in much the same fashion as a lasso binds an animal. The compounds are named as simple crown derivatives and are illustrated as 16 a 17 below. 

Atoms of these elements have empty J-orbitals in the valence shell. Another factor—possibly the main factor—in determining whether more atoms than allowed by the octet rule can bond to a central atom is the size of that atom. A P atom is big enough for as many as six Cl atoms to fit comfortably around it, and PC15 is a common laboratory chemical. An N atom, though, is too small, and NC15 is unknown. A compound that contains an atom with more atoms attached to it than is permitted by the octet rule is called a hypcrvalent compound. This name leaves open the question of whether the additional bonds are due to valence-shell expansion or simply to the size of the central atom. 

Inorganic tin compounds, in particular, zinc hydroxystannate and zinc stannate, are effective fire retardants in a number of polymer systems. They appear to have advantages over certain existing commercial additives, namely ... 

When the two conditions of paragraph (a) are not fulfilled, positions in the skeleton of the corresponding hydrocarbon that are occupied by hetero atoms are denoted by a prefixes, and the parent heterocyclic compound is considered to be that which contains the maximum number of conjugated or isolated double bonds, but the corresponding hydrocarbon is named in the form in which it contains the maximum number of non-cumulative double bonds. Hydrogen additional to that present in the parent heterocyclic compound is named by hydro prefixes and/or as H in front of the a terms. 

Different kinds of compounds are named by different rules. Ordinary table salt, for instance, is named sodium chloride because of its formula NaCl, but common table sugar (Ci2H22On) is named /3-D-fructofuranosyl-a-D-glucopyranoside because of special rules for carbohydrates (don t worry about it). We ll begin in this section by seeing how to name simple binary compounds—those made of only two elements—and then introduce additional rules in later chapters as the need arises. 

A major advance in this area is represented by the fluoride ion-promoted addition of allylsilanes to thioketones423 (equation 116) giving the compounds arising from a direct thiophilic addition, namely the corresponding allyl sulfides. 

In concluding of this section, it is necessary to discuss some additional aspects of the process under study. In principle, as an alternative to Scheme 10 one might suggest an additional pathway for the formation of polarization effects of the initial compound 17, namely, the regeneration of 17 via the reaction of 16 with the final reaction product 18. However, since the reaction occurs in the bulk, the presence of the additional trapping agents of germylene should affect the observed CIDNP efficiency. However, it has been reliably established that polarization effects of the initial 17 appear to be independent of... 

When several substituents are present on a benzene ring, the ring is numbered in the same manner as the rings of cycloalkanes—that is, so that the numbers for the substituents are as low as possible. In addition, some special terms are used with disuhsti-tuted benzenes only. Two substituents on adjacent carbons (positions I and 2) are said to be ortho, or o-. Two substituents on positions 1 and 3 are meta, or m-. And two substituents on positions 1 and 4 are para, or p-. Finally, if an alkyl group with six or more carbons is attached to a benzene ring, the compound is named as an alkane with a phenyl substituent. Some examples are as follows ... 

The formation of /3-carbolines in vivo can be enhanced by injecting rats intraventricularly with tryptamine and pyruvic acid to produce significant brain levels of the 1-carboxylic acid TBC 38 (84). Injection of TBC 38 into rats resulted in the formation of DBC 34, TBC 29a, and BC 36 as the major metabolites (85). It was suggested that DBC 34 resulted from TBC 38 by oxidative decarboxylation and that TBC 29a was formed from DBC 34 by asymmetric reduction, with BC 36 occurring via further oxidation. The nonenzymatic decarboxylation of TBC 38 was greatly increased on addition of pydridoxal phosphate (86). The incubation of human platelets with tryptamine or serotonin afforded TBC 2S (87). These compounds were named tryptolines, which are identical with TBC, and were fully characterized by GC-MS techniques, and by comparison with synthetic standards and trifluoroacylated derivatives. 

Of the various types of higher order compounds which should be named as coordination compounds, only molecular addition compounds have not been considered. The rules for naming inorganic compounds indicate that (CHaJsN-BF would be called compound of boron trifluoride with trimethylamine., However, Davidson and Brown (4) suggest that this substance be called trimethylamine-boron trifluoride. In general, that molecule which donates a pair of electrons (base) is given first followed by the acceptor molecule (acid). Similarly, (CH3)2S-A1(CH3)3 would be known as dimethyl sulfide-trimethylaluminum. If these were named as coordination compounds, the names would be (trimethylamine)trifluoroboron and (dimethylsulfide)trimethylalu-minum. 

Consider the symmetrical compounds VIII and IX. Substitutive names might be methylenebis(aminoacetic acid) for VIII, and methylenebis(iminoacetic acid) for IX. Additive names might be methylenebis(iminoacetic acid) for VIII, and methylene(bis-nitriloacetic acid) for IX. The additive principle is not carried so far that the names begin with methanebis. The substitutive name for IX is the additive name for VIII, which is a most unpleasant situation. 

IR-1.5.3.2 Compositional nomenclature IR-1.5.3.3 Substitutive nomenclature IR-1.5.3.4 Additive nomenclature IR-1.5.3.5 General naming procedures IR-1.6 Changes to previous IUPAC recommendations IR-1.6.1 Names of cations IR-1.6.2 Names of anions IR-1.6.3 The element sequence of Table VI IR-1.6.4 Names of anionic ligands in (formal) coordination entities IR-1.6.5 Formulae for (formal) coordination entities IR-1.6.6 Additive names of polynuclear entities IR-1.6.7 Names of inorganic acids IR-1.6.8 Addition compounds IR-1.6.9 Miscellaneous... 

The element sequence of Table VI is also adhered to when ordering central atoms in polynuclear compounds for the purpose of constructing additive names (see Section IR-1.6.6). 

For chain compounds containing three or more different elements, the sequence of atomic symbols should generally be in accord with the order in which the atoms are bound in the molecule or ion, rather than using alphabetical order or order based on electronegativity. However, if one wishes to view a compound formally as a coordination compound, e.g. in connection with a discussion of additive naming of the compound, one may use a coordination-compound type of formula, as in Example 1 below. 

Note from these examples that the order of any two elements in the name depends on the arbitrary division of elements into electropositive and electronegative constituents. (The same applies to the order of the element symbols in the formulae as illustrated in Section IR-4.4.3.4.) Additive names representing the actual structure of the compounds in Examples 3 and 4 (FArH and FCIO, respectively) are given in Section IR-7.2. 

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