Spirostomum ambiguum

Nalecz-Jawecki, G., K. Demkowicz-Dobrzanski, and J. Sawicki. 1993. Protozoan Spirostomum ambiguum as a highly sensitive bioindicator for rapid and easy determination of water quality. Sci. Total Environ., Suppl. 2 1227-1234. 

ECso (24-h) for rainbow trout 6.01 mg/L (Mayer and Ellersieck, 1986), Spirostomum ambiguum 9.35 g/L (Nalecz-Jawecki and Sawicki, 1999). 

LC50 (48-h) and LC50 (24-h) values for Spirostomum ambiguum were 36.8 and 37.4 g/L, respectively (Nalecz-Jaweckl and Sawicki, 1999). 

Spirostomum ambiguum EC50 (24-h) 4.08 Nalecz-Jawecki and Sawicki, 1999... 

Pautard, F. G. E. Calcification in single cells with an appraisal of the relationship between Spirostomum ambiguum and the osteocyte. In The mechanisms of mineralization in the invertebrates and plants. Watabe, N., Wilbur, K. M. (eds.). The Belle W. Baruch Library in Marine Science, Vol. 5, pp. 33, The University of South Carolina Press 1976... 

Nalecz-Jawecki, G. (2004) Spirotox - Spirostomum ambiguum acute toxicity test - 10 years of experience, Environmental Toxicology 19, 359-364. 

Pautard, F.G.E., 1976. Calcification in single cells with an appraisal of the relationship between Spirostomum ambiguum and the osteocyte. In N. Watabe and K.M. Wilbur... 

Also in use are tests that utilize protozoa. Spirotox uses the protozoan Spirostomum ambiguum as a test organism to determine the quality of water (19). This ciliate is sensitive to many compounds, especially heavy metals, that may be found in wastewater. Other eucaryotes have been used in toxicity monitoring, including algae (5,20), but they are not as widely used as fish or daphnia. 

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