Active defense, definition

Abiotic elicitors, examples, 48 Abscisic acid, plant-growth hormone inhibitor, I6f Active defense, definition, 37 Alfalfa, phytoalexins, 56 Allelochemicals... 

There exists evidence that some insects store dietary alkaloids derived from natural sources. Figure 98 presents insect species that are known to accumulate pyrrolizidine alkaloids during different developmental stages. The larvae and adults of these insects can metabolize pyrrolizidine alkaloids in current physiological activities. These alkaloids are not toxic for these organisms. Moreover, there is observed trace accumulation of a portion of these compounds in the liver. There is no definitive purpose for these traces. Generally, the opinion presented in 1888 by Stahl in Germany that the accumulation of alkaloids is for defensive purposes has been most often cited in the research literature. 

All aerobic organisms possess an antioxidant defense system to protect against ROS-mediated injury. A broad definition of an antioxidant is any substance that, when present at low concentrations compared to those of an oxidizable substrate, significantly delays or prevents oxidation of that substrate [37-38]. Oxidizable substrates include DNA, lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. This definition emphasizes the importance of the damaged target studied and the source of ROS used when the in vitro antioxidant activity of a compound is studied [37]. The human antioxidant defense system consists of an enzymatic and a non-enzymatic system. 

When blood serum of a horse or dog is added to a solution of pepsin a diminution in the activity of the enzyme is found, a diminution which is in direct proportion to the quantity of serum added. The mechanism of this action, discovered by Schnappauf in 1888, long escaped exact analysis. If this slackem ng is attributed to an anti-enzyme, an analogy could be drawn with the similar effect of serum on trypsin where the presence of an anti-enzyme had been established with certainty. To support the idea of the existence of an anti-pepsin, it was, moreover, noted that the anti-peptic power of the serum of an animal increases considerably with the injection of a certain quantity of pepsin. The product synthesized under these conditions by the organism is an anti-pepsin, and it is assumed that this already exists, although in a much smaller proportion, in the serum of the normal animal. This observation, therefore, tended to show that the substance antagonistic to the pepsin is a reaction product of vital defense. The more recent experiments of Cantacuz ne appear to justify definitely this opinion. This... 

Women s privacy in old traditional Islamic culture implies different terms of privacy visual, physical, auditory, and olfactory. In other words, it means to what extent women shonld be exposed visually, physically, or in an olfactory or auditory sense (to what extent her voice is recognizable to outsiders) to outsider males in the various events that occur either in private or in public open spaces during everyday life activities. Many of these terms have been inherited by modem Islamic societies, and reflected in people s behavior and in their built enviromnent, which largely reflects local ways in controlling space. In the contemporary literature, the definition of defensible space shows how communities create their individital spaces that fit their needs and make it possible to defend their physical space (Newrrran 1972). 

Chemokines are a family of small, structurally related molecules that play a fundamental role in the development, homeostasis, and function of the immune system (overview provided in Chap. 1). Four closely related subfamilies of chemokines have now been characterized (13,14). Of these, members of two subfamilies in particular have definitively been shown to participate in pulmonary antimicrobial host responses. The ELR+ CXC chemokine family members, which includes CXCLl-8 and CXCL15, have predominant neutrophil stimulatory and chemotactic activities, whereas the ELR CXC chemokines and CC chemokine family exerts predominant chemotactic and/or activating effects on macrophages, specific T cell populations, and/or eosinophils (14). Several lines of evidence would suggest that CXC and CC chemokines represent integral components of antimicrobial host defense. First, the well characterized in vitro and in vivo leuko-... 

For a supply chain that has been in operation for a while, the focus might be on cost. A natural response is to focus on the most expensive activities. An alternative is examining not only the most expensive, but also the most improvable activities. This can be accomplished with a top-down approach using a tool called IDEFq. The name is an acronym for ICAM Definition Language. The modeling language was developed as part of U.S. Department of Defense efforts to modernize its industrial base. 

Most standards that define acceptability have roots traceable to the various Department of Defense (DoD) military standards established in the 1960s and 1970s. The advent of complex electronics systems required a standardized approach to acceptability based on lessons learned through testing and product failure analysis that was accomplished by laboratory or research activities. The resulting definitions for acceptance became very restrictive, and although the requirements were initially intended only for harsh environment exposure or products that have a significant consequence for failure, they were used successfully to increase performance of all soldered electronic assemblies. Most commercial production did... 

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