CXC chemokines family members

Chemokines are a family of small, structurally related molecules that play a fundamental role in the development, homeostasis, and function of the immune system (overview provided in Chap. 1). Four closely related subfamilies of chemokines have now been characterized (13,14). Of these, members of two subfamilies in particular have definitively been shown to participate in pulmonary antimicrobial host responses. The ELR+ CXC chemokine family members, which includes CXCLl-8 and CXCL15, have predominant neutrophil stimulatory and chemotactic activities, whereas the ELR CXC chemokines and CC chemokine family exerts predominant chemotactic and/or activating effects on macrophages, specific T cell populations, and/or eosinophils (14). Several lines of evidence would suggest that CXC and CC chemokines represent integral components of antimicrobial host defense. First, the well characterized in vitro and in vivo leuko-... 

CXC Chemokine Family Members That Regulate Angiogenesis... 

Based on the structural/functional difference, the members of the CXC chemokine family are unique cytokines in their ability to behave in a disparate manner in the regulation of angiogenesis. The angiogenic members include... 

Members of the CXC chemokine family play disparate roles in the regulation of angiogenesis (an overview of chemokines is provided in Chap. 1). CXC chemokines are characteristically heparin-binding proteins. On a structural level, they have four highly conserved cysteine amino acid residues, the first two cysteines separated by one nonconserved amino acid residue—hence the name CXC (45-57). Although the CXC motif distinguishes this family from other chemokine families, a second structural domain within this family dictates their angiogenic potential. The NH2 terminus of the majority of the CXC chemokines contains three amino acid residues (Glu-Leu-Arg the ELR motif), which precedes the... 

The angiostatic members of the CXC chemokine family include PF4, monokine induced by interferon-y (MIG/CXCL9), and interferon-y-inducible protein (IP-... 

The angiostatic members of the CXC chemokine family include CXCL4, CXCL4L1, CXCL9, CXCLIO, CXCLll, and CXCL14 (Strieter et al., 1995, 2002 Belperio et al., 2000 Struyf et al., 2004 Shellenberger et al., in press) (Table I). Platelet factor-4 (PF-4)/CXCL4 was the first chemokine described to inhibit neovascularization (Maione et al., 1990). However, the product of... 

Chemokine receptors are a family of G protein-coupled receptors that contain seven transmembrane domains. Chemokine receptors are present on the cell surface membrane of leukocytes. As was the case for chemokines, these receptors are also divided into four subgroups CCR is specific for CC chemokines, CXCR for CXC chemokines, XCR1 for C chemokines and CX3CR1 for CX3C chemokines. The CC chemokine receptor family has eleven members, the CXC chemokine receptor family has seven members, and both the C chemokine receptor family and the CX3C chemokine receptor family have one member each. The signal transduction is mediated via the standard G protein-dependent pathway. 

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