Active bracing

In relation to adaptronics in civil engineering structures, the active bracing system represents one of the best possibilities and therefore will be outlined in more detail. Reinhorn et al. [195] reported on the braces, the hydraulic actuators, the hydraulic power supply, the analog-digital converter and the sensors. The observed performance of the system under actual earthquakes and other artificial loadings will be presented. 

The success of the full-scale active brace system performance is the culmination of numerous analytical studies and carefully plaimed laboratory experiments involving model structures. 

The use of the control measure in existing structures can be a practical solution for retrofit, as demonstrated by this full-scale experiment. Note that the active braces were added only after the structure was completed. 

Reinhorn, A.M. et al. Active bracing system - A full scale implementation of active control. Tech. Report NCEER-92-0020 (1992)... 

Active control strategies have been developed in the 1990s, (Soong 1990 Housner et al. 1997) they operate by using external energy supplied by actuators to impart forces on the structure. The appropriate control action is determined based on measurements of the structural response. Active control devices include the active tendon system (Abdel-Rohman and Leipholz 1983), the active bracing system (Reinhom et al. 1989), and the active tuned mass damper (Abdel-Rohman and Leipholz 1983). 

Fhtients on bed rest require position changes and good skin care every 2 hours. The patient with an arthritis disorder may experience much pain or discomfort and may require assistance with activities, such as ambulating, eating, and grooming. Fhtients with osteoporosis may require a brace or corset when out of bed. 

The belt-and-braces sequence of sound + chemical => tactile response is explained by the necessity of perineal stimulation. In its absence defecation cannot begin, with lethal consequences. By 12 days, the pup s UHF response discriminates male and female adults calls are given only after removal of anaesthetised females, but not on male removal anosmia abolishes the discrimination unless an active female is present... 

Assistive and orthotic devices such as canes, walkers, braces, heel cups, and insoles can be used during exercise or daily activities. 

That winter the whole inside of my parents house was painted with an oil-based paint. After that my tendons swelled, I had to wear a neck brace and I couldn t even feed myself, but we didn t realize there was a connection between the chemical exposure and my health. The tendons in my eyes were so swollen I could hardly see. It was terrifying and traumatic for me. For three years I was in bed, couldn t see anybody or do anything. It was all I could do to try to sit for a few minutes at a time. I missed my friends from college, missed school and missed my active life. I wasn t in touch with my feelings at the time. I had to stay above them or I never would have survived. 

The surface concentration of the particular surface species, Cj, corresponds to the concentration of the precursor of the activated complex. Note that we use braces ( > and brackets [ ] to indicate surface concentrations [mol nr2] and solute concentrations [M], respectively. 

Note, if GDP is absent, C becomes C . For nonzero values of (8/e), the term in braces in Eq. (40) is less than C . Comparing Eqs. (39) and (40) for the inactive and active Tb GDP models, one concludes that C" in the former is always greater than the same term in the latter whenever GDP is present. Thus, one may in principle distinguish between the two models. Nonetheless, such clear-cut distinctions are yet to be achieved in practice, and this method of distinguishing these mechanistic alternatives is not reliable, given the current experimental accuracy. 

Sometimes the activities are replaced by braces, e.g., Uml = ML -, here we prefer the former formality. The estimation of y, values by equations such as Eqs. (2.38) and (2.43) is unreliable for ionic strengths above about 0.5 M for univalent cations and anions and at even lower ionic strengths for polyvalent species. Consequently, values of (3° are rarely calculated, except for very exact purposes (see Chapter 6). Instead, measurements of equilibrium concentrations of the species involved in the reaction are used in a medium of fixed ionic strength where the ionic strength, /, is defined as I=V2l. Ci Zi M [see Eq. (2.38)]. A solution of fully ionized CaCl2 of 0.5 M concentration has an ionic strength / = H (0.5 X 2 -I- 2 X 0.5 X (-1) ) or 1.5 M. Stability constants are reported, then, as measured in solutions of 0.1 M, 0.5 M, 2.0 M, etc., ionic strength. In practice. 

Schematic representation of the structure of a TIM monomer. Helices and strands are labeled as H and B, respectively. The view is along the axis of the (3 barrel, into the active site. Key catalytic residues Lysl3, His95, and Glul67 are shown along with the helix that binds the substrate phosphate and the flexible loop that covers the substrate during catalysis. Black dots indicate residues in contact with the second monomer of the enzyme. (From Ref.24. Copyright 1991 by Harcourt Brace.)...

A group of materials technologists and surgeons led by Brent Constanz of the Norian Corporation in Cupertino, California, USA developed a bone paste to be injected into bone fractures. The paste, trade name Norian SRS, hardens in minutes and thus braces broken bones. In 12 hours the material has a compression strength which equals that of natural bone. So far the material has been tested in fractures of the hip, knee, shoulder and wrist. The operations proceed faster than their traditional equivalents fewer plates and screws are necessary and the patients are able to resume their normal activities much more quickly. 

Bagley MC, Brace C, Dale JW, Ohnesorge M, Phillips NG, Xiong X, Bower J (2002) J Chem Soc [Perkin 1] 1663 Belattar A, Saxton JE (1992) J Chem Soc [Perkin 1] 679 Bernardi L, Gothelf AS, Hazell RG, Jprgensen KA (2003) Catalytic asymmetric Mannich reactions of glycine derivatives with imines. A new approach to optically active alpha,beta-diamino acid derivatives. J Org Chem 68 2583-2591... 

People with disabilities, even severe ones, can be quite active. Thus it is better to say President Franklin Roosevelt used a wheelchair and occasionally walked using braces and crutches rather than he was confined to a wheelchair , or the wheelchair-bound President , or the President was in a wheelchair . 

Note the pair of braces denoting activity. Because is a solid, its activity is unity. For this reason, the product K AJi,] is a constant and is designated as K p. Ksp is called the solubility product constant of the equilibrium dissolution reaction. Equation (11) now transforms to... 

The are the values of the respective equilibrium constants. caco, is the equilibrium constant for the solubility of CaC03. The pair of braces,, are read as the activity of, the meaning of which is explained in the Backgronnd Chemistry and Fluid Mechanics chapter in the Background Prerequisites section. 

Referral to the physical and/or occupational therapist is especially helpful for patients with functional disabilities. The therapist can assess muscle strength and joint stability, and recommend exercises and methods of protecting the affected joint from excessive forces. The therapist can also provide assistive and orthotic devices, such as canes, walkers, braces, heel cups, splints, or insoles for use during exercise or daily activities. 

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