Action of Mineral Acids

The decay of 1,1-dimethylethyl hydroperoxide into free radicals under action of mineral acids was also established [229]. The similar kinetic equation was observed in this system and the rate of initiation was found to be propotional to the electroconductivity of the solution. The following mechanism of free radical generation was proposed [229]. 

The change which arylhydroxylamines undergo by the action of mineral acids, especially when warm, is worthy of special note. If the position para to the NHOH-group is free, a rearrangement takes place to the isomeric p-aminophenol, e.g. in the case of phenylhydroxylamine according to the equation ... 

The question at once arose whether this a-pyrrolidine carboxylic acid, or a-proline as Fischer termed it in 1904, was a primary product or a secondary product formed by the action of mineral acids upon other products, but its formation by hydrolysis by alkali and by the action of pepsin followed by trypsin decided that it was a primary product and therefore one of the units of the protein molecule. Sorensen, in 1905, suggested that it might arise from an a-amino-S-oxyvalerianic acid which he synthesised, but the fact that this amino acid has not yet been obtained by hydrolysis of protein and the above facts seem to exclude this possibility. 

Hydroxo - pentammino - platinic Carbonate, [Pt(NH3)5OH]2 (C03)3, is easily prepared by passing a current of ozone through a mixture of diehloro-diammino-platinuni, ammonium carbonate, and excess of ammonia. It is precipitated as formed, being insoluble in water. The carbonate is decomposed by acetic acid, yielding the acetate, [Pt(NH3)50H](C2H302)3, and from this other salts of the series may be formed by the action of mineral acids. 

Insoluble Amorphous Sulphur is produced, usually together with some sulphur soluble in carbon disulphide, by many reactions in which sulphur is set free. The slow decomposition of sulphur chloride or bromide by water, which may require several days for completion, gives a very stable form of insoluble sulphur.8 The action of mineral acids on... 

Perthioeyanic Acid, H2C2N2S3, may be prepared by the action of mineral acids on thiocyanic acid. When potassium thiocyanate (100 parts) dissolved in water (60 parts), and slightly more sulphuric acid (100 parts, sp. gr. 1-44) than is required to liberate the thiocyanic acid, are mixed, on standing orange-coloured crystals of perthioeyanic acid separate out ... 

Creatinine has been prepared generally from urine1 or muscle,2 though its formation from creatine by the action of mineral acids has also been studied.3 The conversion of creatine into creatinine has also been effected by heating in an autoclave 4 and by treatment with zinc chloride.5 The above technique has been developed 6 since creatine has become available in relatively large quantities as a by-product.7... 

Reaction LXXIV. (a) Action of Mineral Acids on Phenylhydroxyl-amine. (B., 26, 1844, 2810 27, 1927 20, 3040.)—In the presence of mineral acids phenylhydroxylamine undergoes rearrangement to form p-arni nophenol. 

Reaction LXXXH. Condensation of an Aldehyde with itself under the Action of Mineral Acids or of Calcium Chloride. (A., 27, 319 162, 143 203, 26, 43.)—If acetaldehyde is treated with calcium chloride or mineral acids, such as cone, sulphuric acid or gaseous hydrogen chloride, polymerisation occurs and paraldehyde is formed. A certain amount of metaldehyde is also obtained its quantity increases with reduction in the temperature of polymerisation. 

One particular test method (ASTM D-1756) covers the determination of carbon dioxide in coal in any form, such as mineral carbonate, from which carbon dioxide is released by action of mineral acids (e.g., hydrochloric acid). The method can be applied to high- and low-carbonate coals. The determination of carbon dioxide is made by decomposing with acid a weighed quantity of the sample in a closed system and absorbing the carbon dioxide in an absorbent (e.g., such as sodium... 

When perfluoro-2-methylpent-2-ene reacts with glycidol, the initially formed product is vinyl ether 38, whose epoxide ring opens under the action of mineral acids (8% HBr, 33% HC1). Alcohol 39 formed in the course of ring cleavage is readily cyclized into 1,3-dioxolane 40 in the presence of catalytic amounts of NEt3. 

The only practical methods for preparing levulinic acid depend upon the action of mineral acids upon carbohydrates, a reaction discovered by Grote and Tollens,1 who heated cane sugar with dilute sulfuric acid. The method above described is essentially that of Conrad,2 descriptions of which frequently have appeared 3 in the subsequent literature. The use of vacuum distillation was suggested by Kent and Tollens.4 Levulinic acid has also been prepared from starch by the action of hydrochloric add. ... 

The C—0 bond in some acene peroxides is heterolyzed by the action of mineral acids to form hydroperoxides, in accordance with Eq. (13). 

The action of mineral acids on 2-(2 -oxocyclohexyl)methyl-6-chloronicotinic acid (140) yields 6-(4 -carboxy)butyl-2-hydroxy-5-oxo-6,7-dihydro-5/7-1 -pyrindine (141).98a 98e Chemical and spectra data, as well as an unequivocal synthesis starting with ethyl 2-bromomethyl-... 

The acid salts, Na2Hg[Si(W207)6].14H20 andK3H5[Si(W20,)e].12H20, have been obtained by the action of mineral acids on the ordinary 12-tungstosilicates. 

As mentioned earlier, hydrolysis of the aldobiuronic acid unit usually involves decomposition of the uronic acid portion. Neutral monosaccharides may also decompose by the action of mineral acids. Pentoses and hexoses form furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural, respectively, by the cyclization-dehydration reaction shown below (32). 

Each class of amine yields a different kind of product in its reaction with nitrous acid, HONO. This unstable reagent is generated in the presence of the amine by the action of mineral acid on sodium nitrite. 

E Adler, IM Pepper, E Eriksoo. Action of mineral acid on lignin and model substances of guaiacylglycerol-heta-aryl ether type. Ind Eng Chem 49 1391-1392, 1957. 

Humic acids are soluble in weak alkaline solutions and are essentially insoluble in water and mineral acids. They may be precipitated from solution by the action of mineral acids and bivalent or trivalent cations, however, they are fairly resistant to the acid hydrolysis. They are dark spherocol-loids with a cross-linked structure which plays a part in their high sorption capacity. They exhibit different degrees of a tendency to aggregation and very different degrees of dispersion. In comparison with other types of natural organic substances, the humic acids are characterized by their extraordinary stability in the soil. This stability is due to their ability to form organomineraJ complexes, particularly with clay minerals and with aluminium and iron hydroxides. 

Formic acid—HCO,OH—46—occurs in the acid secretion of red ants, in the stinging hairs of certain insects, in the blood, urine, bile, perspiration, and muscular fluid of man, in the stinging-nettle, and in the leaves of trees of the pine family. It is produced in a number of reactions by the oxidation of many organic substances sugar, starch, flbrin, gelatin, albumin, etc. by the action of potash upon chloroform and kindred bodies by the action of mineral acids in hydrocyanic acid during the fermentation of diabetic urine by the direct union of carbon mon-... 

Nivalidine (CV R = CH3 Ri, R2 = H) has been isolated from Galanthus nivalis var. gracilis and identified as 6-0-methylapogalanthamine (109). The compound may be an artifact arising from the action of mineral acid on galanthamine or epigalanthamine. 

Pyrolysis of tri-, tetra-, and penta-chlorobenzenes affords mixtures of chlorinated dibenzofurans and dibenzo-p-dioxins, " and chlorinated diphenyl ethers cyclize in the presence of palladium acetate to polychloro-dibenzofurans/ The action of malononitrile on tetrahydroxy-p-benzoquinone leads to the benzo-difuran (79), contrary to a previous report/ The acid-catalysed condensation of quinones with phenols has been studied p-benzoquinone and resorcinol, for example, afford compound (80)/ Naphtho[2,3- >]furan-4,9-diones (81 R = Me or Ph R = Ac, Bz, C02Et, or CN) are obtained from 2,3-dichloronaphtho-1,4-quinone and compounds R COCHaR in DMF that contains potassium fluoride/ The action of mineral acids on p-benzoquinone produces a mixture of complex benzofurans, which includes (82) and (83)/ Bases convert the ben-zofuranone (84) into the tetrameric compound (85), contrary to an earlier... 

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