Urine diabetic

Diabetes mellitus Diabetic retinopathy Diabetic urine Diabmese gem-Diacetates... 

Renal dysfunctions can be diagnosed by different methods, depending on the severity of the condition. Examination of urine, which is produced by the kidneys, provides an important indication of renal insufficiency. The urine output, color, odor, acidity, specific gravity, and constituents are important prognostic factors of kidney status. However, in critically ill patients and in acute renal failures induced by several diseases including multiple organ failures and diabetes, urine examination may be impractical and redundant. Such patients require reliable and simple methods to diagnose the onset of renal failure. 

Glucose, mandelamine, and hydrochlorothorazide decrease the amount of estriol found when acid hydrolysis is used to release estriol from its conjugate with glucuronic acid in urine. The destruction of estriol in diabetic urine can be monitored by the inclusion of internal standards of labeled estriol glucuronide and reduced by prior dilution of the urine. When glucuronidase is used to release the estriol, the results are not affected when glucose of diabetic urine is present. When this is done the internal standard is not necessary. 

E. Peligot, Compt. rend., 7, 106 (1838). In this same paper it was also recognized that the crystalline sugar obtainable from grapes, honey, starch hydrolysates, and diabetic urine is one and the same substance, and the name glucose was proposed for it. 

In short-term studies, Petzold et al. (1982) observed a significantly lower postprandial blood glucose level in insulin-dependent diabetics. Urine glucose could be decreased by 80% by acarbose within a 7-day follow-up described by Hillebrand et al. (1982), and by 50% as observed by Aubell et al. (1983). In long-term studies, Raptis et al. (1982) also demonstrated a decrease in insulin requirements following 1 and 6 months acarbose treatment. The findings were confirmed by Beyer et al. (1982) in juvenile diabetics during the day. 

Further interest was aroused when Kotake (503) claimed that xanthurenic acid would cause diabetes, that it occurred in diabetic urines (515), and that diabetes induced by xanthurenic acid was reduced by insulin administration (509). Further supporting work hassincebeen published from the same laboratory (504-506, 508), but German workers (400) have been quite unable to demonstrate any diabetogenic action of xanthurenic acid. 

Formic acid—HCO,OH—46—occurs in the acid secretion of red ants, in the stinging hairs of certain insects, in the blood, urine, bile, perspiration, and muscular fluid of man, in the stinging-nettle, and in the leaves of trees of the pine family. It is produced in a number of reactions by the oxidation of many organic substances sugar, starch, flbrin, gelatin, albumin, etc. by the action of potash upon chloroform and kindred bodies by the action of mineral acids in hydrocyanic acid during the fermentation of diabetic urine by the direct union of carbon mon-... 

Dextrose forms addition-products with certain salts, oxides, and anhydrides. A compound of the composition 2C6Hi206.Na-CI.H2O is obtained in the form of crystals from diabetic urine. Other compounds with sodium chloride have the formulas,—... 

Fig. 18.9. Infrared spectra of normal and diabetic urine samples.

By mechanisms that will be discussed later, the alteration of fat metabolism observed in diabetes leads to the formation of ketone bodies about half of the keto acids are excreted unchanged. The high concentration of keto acids in diabetic urine explains the low pH (4.6 instead of 6) and the need for large amounts of 0.1 normal alkali (25 milliequivalents) to titrate the urine. The other half of the keto acids are neutralized, mainly at the expense of ammonia formed in the kidney from glutamine or amino acids. Consequently, the amount of ammonia ions in diabetic urine may be as much as 10 times normal. 

Chemical Assay of Fractions H and L in Urine. Table 2 shows that small amounts of acetone extractable peptides were present in the daily urine specimens of healthy subjects and that 20-30% of this material was in the LM fraction. The total amount of UA was increased in several clinical states but only in pregnancy was the percent of LM fraction more than 35. Diabetic urine was not assayed. 

Bioassay of Acetone Extract of Human Urine. Table 3 shows that increased amount of LM fraction was paralled by more intense LM action when UA was administered to rabbits. Lipid mobilization was striking in diabetes, hepatic cirrhosis, ingestion of hydroxyprogesterone and pregnancy. Pregnancy and diabetic urines, presumably containing larger amounts of Fractions H and L, were lethal by intravenous injection into rabbits. 

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