Acrylic acid copolymerization

The relative proportions of triads is determined by the synthetic conditions chosen as described above for acrylic acid copolymers of acrylamide derived by either direct copolymerization or by hydrolysis. Also, the polymerization pH has a considerable effect on the reactivity in acrylamide/acrylic acid copolymerization. 

There have been other approaches to obtaining rubber/metal adhesion besides primers or additives consisting of phenolics or epoxies plus halogenated elastomers. For example, carboxylated polymers (olefins and diolefins copolymerized with acrylic acid monomers) have shown excellent adhesion to metals. Very little carboxyl is necessary, and polymers with carboxyl contents as low as 0.1% show good adhesion when laminated to bare steel. When these materials possess... 

A significant step towards commercial success came with a discovery in the late 1950s by E. Ulrich at 3M when he found that copolymerization of hydrogen bonding monomers, like acrylic acid with alkyl acrylates resulted in cohesively strong, yet tacky materials [63]. Since then, newer developments in such areas as polymer crosslinking, and the synthesis and copolymerization of new monomers, have led to a rapid penetration of acrylics throughout the PSA industry. 

It is for this reason that the discovery by Ulrich was of significant importance to the successful development of acrylic PSAs. He found that by copolymerizing polar monomers, such as acrylic acid, one could greatly increase the cohesive strength of the polymer allowing PSA articles coated with this type of material to sustain a load without premature shear failure. These polar monomers commonly... 

An example of the contribution of polar interactions between an acrylic PSA and a substrate is shown in Fig. 6. By copolymerizing iso-octylacrylate and acrylic acid, using a monomer ratio of, respectively, 95/5 and 90/10, two otherwise identical PSAs were made. The PSAs were laminated to both sides of a foam core to make an attachment tape as used in the automotive industry for the application of body side moldings to a car. One side of the foam tape was laminated against an aluminum foil backing. The other side was laminated against an automotive paint-coated panel to make the final test sample. The test sample was allowed to... 

The amount of polar monomer one would copolymerize with the alkyl acrylate monomer(s) very much depends on the type of polar monomer and the desired change in rheological properties one would like to achieve. Strong hydrogen bonding monomers, such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, acrylamide, or methacrylamide are typically used at levels of 12% or less of the total monomers. 

DSEP direct soapless emulsion polymerization, SSEC seeded soapless emulsion copolymerization, DDC direct dispersion copolymerization, TDSC two-stage dispersion copolymerization, ATES Allyl trietoxysilane, VTES vinyl trietoxysilane, DMAEM dimethylaminoethyl-methacrylate, CMS chloromethylstyrene, GA glutaraldehyde, AAc Acrylic acid Aam Acrylamide HEMA 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate. 

During mutual graft copolymerization, homopolymerization always occurs. This is one of the most important problems associated with this technique. When this technique is applied to radiation-sensitive monomers such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, polyfunctional acrylates, and their esters, homopolymer is formed more rapidly than the graft. With the low-molecular weight acrylate esters, particularly ethyl acrylate, the homopolymer problem is evidenced not so much by high yields as by erratic and irreproducible grafting. 

The fact that crosslinking proceeds at considerably high conversions of the monomers (50%) and at copolymerization temperatures > 60 °C is a distinctive feature of this system, as compared with systems containing other unsaturated derivatives of acrylic acids, which is determined by the difunctional nature of 10. 

Emulsion breakers are made from acrylic acid or methacrylic acid copolymerized with hydrophilic monomers [148]. The acid groups of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid are oxalkylated by a mixture of polyglycols and polyglycol ethers to provide free hydroxy groups on the molecule. The copolymers are made by a conventional method, for example, by free radical copolymerization in solution, emulsion, or suspension. The oxalkylation is performed in the presence of an acid catalyst, the acid being neutralized by an amine when the reaction is complete. 

When studying the free-radical copolymerization of methacrylic and acrylic acids with vinyl monomers, it was established that the addition of catalytic amounts of SnCl and (C6Hs)3SnH has a marked effect on the copolymer composition. It was found that complexes are formed by charge transfer between unsaturated acids and the above tin compounds. It has been suggested that the change in polymer composition is caused by the interaction of the tin compounds with a transition complex resulting in a decrease of the resonance stabilization of the latter 94,). 

We can incorporate short chain branches into polymers by copolymerizing two or more comonomers. When we apply this method to addition copolymers, the branch is derived from a monomer that contains a terminal vinyl group that can be incorporated into the growing chain. The most common family of this type is the linear low density polyethylenes, which incorporate 1-butene, 1-hexene, or 1-octene to yield ethyl, butyl, or hexyl branches, respectively. Other common examples include ethylene-vinyl acetate and ethylene-acrylic acid copolymers. Figure 5.10 shows examples of these branches. 

Itaconic acid, copolymerization with acrylic monomers, l 380t IT ALP AT files, 18 248 Italy... 

Figure 7. Log-log plots of the conversion curves of the copolymerization of acrylic acid with methacrylic acid (. Mol % acrylic acid in the mixture (1) 0% (2) 23.5% (3) 45.5% (6) 71% (8) 83.2% (9) 86% (11) 100%. The copolymer formed in a mixture of 75 mol % acrylic acid contains 50% acrylic acid and 50%...

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