Acrylic acid builders

Functional derivatives of polyethylene, particularly poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(acryLic acid) and derivatives, have received attention because of their water-solubility and disposal iato the aqueous environment. Poly(vinyl alcohol) is used ia a wide variety of appHcations, including textiles, paper, plastic films, etc, and poly(acryLic acid) is widely used ia detergents as a builder, a super-absorbent for diapers and feminine hygiene products, for water treatment, ia thickeners, as pigment dispersant, etc (see Vinyl polymers, vinyl alcohol polymers). 

Polycarboxylates, also known as polyacrylates, are polymers having a carbon-carbon backbone with attached carboxyl groups. In household consumer products, the anionic polycarboxylates most commonly used are copolymers of acrylic acid and maleic anhydride, copolymers of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid, or polymers of acrylic acid. Polycarboxylates find use as detergent builders and as partial replacements for polyphosphates. However, they are very expensive for use in high concentrations as builders in detergent formulations and also have poor biodegradability [16]. 

Detergent builders Acrylic acid W. Germany 2,349,643 1975 Hoechst A.G. 

Detergent builders Acrylic acid Japan 140,986 1976 Nippon Shokubai Kagaku... 

Builders are used to enhance the performance of the surfactant system, using several different mechanisms. Probably the most important functions of a builder system are to reduce the deleterious effects of water hardness, to provide an alkaline buffer, and to prevent soil redeposition. Until about 15 years ago, all the builder systems were based on sodium phosphates (pyrophosphate, tripolyphosphate). Due to eutrophication of lakes and rivers, phosphate levels were regulated and, in some countries, totally banned. As a result, different builder systems were developed, based on zeolites and citrate with acrylic acid polymers and copolymers. 

Carboxylate derivatives of poly(vinyl alcohol) are biodegradable and functional in detergents as co-builders, although too costly to be practical replacements for poly(acrylic acid), at this time. Matsumura polymerized vinyloxyacetic acid [69,70] and Lever has patented polymers based on vinyl carbamates obtained from the reaction of vinyl chloroformates and amino acids such as aspartic and glutamic acids [71]. Both hydrolyze, Scheme 4, to poly(vinyl alcohol) which is biodegradable. 

Interest in detergent products derived from renewable resources and with better biodegradability has driven evaluation of oxidized sugars and starches as builders or co-builders in detergents.113 Builders and co-builders complex calcium and magnesium ions in hard water to prevent sealing or deposits due to precipitation of insoluble carbonate salts. In current powder detergents, the builders are usually zeolites used in combination with polycarboxylate polymers derived from synthetic acrylic-maleic acid copolymers.114... 

Titanium di (cumylphenylate) oxyacetate. Titanium di (dioctylpyrophosphate) oxyacetate Titanium dimethacrylate oxyacetate Trideceth-8 Trideceth-10 Zirconium IVbis alkenolato, cycio (pentathb) dialkenylphosphato-0,0 foam builder, acrylic foam coatings Stanfax 320 Stanfax 388 foam builder, alkaline paint strippers Cocaminobutyric acid foam builder, aq. 

Copolymers of vinyl alcohol with acrylic and/or maleic acid have been evaluated in detergents as potentially biodegradable co-builders in a number of laboratories [72-74], but the results were not encouraging for balancing biodegradation and performance. Higher than 80 mol % of vinyl alcohol is required for biodegradation, and less than 20 mol % for acceptable performance. 

The introduction of co-builders (acrylic/maleic acid polymer) was shown to prevent incrustation of Ca salt, even if it was not added in stoichiometric quantities ( threshold effect ) [62]. This automatically brought possibilities for 100% substitution of STP and involvement of Na2CO as an important pH washing regulator. Fig. 25 [66]. An average amount of these substances in modem detergents is ... 

Uses Detergent, emulsifier, wetting agent, stabilizer solubilizer for nonionics for household and industrial cleaners, electrolytic cleaning, dairy cleaning, acid cleaners, solv. cleaners emulsion polymerizafon of vinyl acetate and highly car-boxylated acrylic monomers/comonomers Properties Cl. vise, liq., mild odor sol. and stable in aq. sol ns. with high cones, of alkaline builders sp.gr. 1.05 pH 1.5-2.5 100% act. 

These normally contain anionic and nonionic surfactants, builders (such as sodium tripolyphosphate, acrylate polymers or copolymers, or sodium carbonate), ion exchangers (such as polyacrylic acid or zeolite), corrosion inhibitor (sodium silicate), processing aids, antiredeposition agent (such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose), whitener or optical brightener (stilbene derivative), dye, and perfume. They may also contain bleach (sodium perborate or percarbonate), enzymes (a protease and/or an amylase), foam suppressor, filler/processing aid (sodium sulfate), fabric softener (quaternary ammonium salt immobilized on a clay), and solubilizer. The surfactant concentration of a heavy duty powder is in... 

---