Acrylate-water system

The dependence of the cmc on the length of the insoluble block and its poly-dispersity was calculated, and reasonable agreement with experimental results for the PS-PI/hexadecane (Price etal. 1987) and PS-poly(sodium acrylate)/water systems (Astafieva et al. 1993) were obtained.The cmc was found to decrease as the polydispersity increased, in agreement with the calculations of Linse discussed above.The fraction of dispersed chains and molecular weight distributions of the dispersed chain and the micelles were found to be influenced by the dependence of the cmc of each component in the polydisperse mixture on the insoluble block length (Gao and Eisenberg 1993). 

In a pioneering work, Stoffer and Bone [32-34] studied the phase behavior of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-pentanol-methyl methacrylate or methyl acrylate-water systems before and after polymerization. A typical composition of the system was MMA, 41.7% pentanol, 27% SDS, 14.6% water, 16.7%. As the monomers forming the continuous phase of the microemulsion polymerize, phase separation occurs. 

Fig. 5.18. (a) Phase diagram of the monomeric acrylate-water system, (b) Phase diagram of the polymerized acrylate-water system. 

Water occurs in glass-ionomer and related cements in at least two different states (Wilson McLean, 1988 Prosser Wilson, 1979). These states have been classified as evaporable and non-evaporable, depending on whether the water can be removed by vacuum desiccation over silica gel or whether it remains firmly bound in the cement when subjected to such treatment (Wilson Crisp, 1975). The alternative descriptions loosely bound and tightly bound have also been applied to these different states of water combination. In the glass-poly(acrylic acid) system the evaporable water is up to 5 % by weight of the total cement, while the bound water is 18-28 % (Prosser Wilson, 1979). This amount of tightly bound water is equivalent to five or six molecules of water for each acid group and associated metal cation. Hence at least ten molecules of water are involved in the hydration of each coordinated metal ion at a carboxylate site. 

Fig. 4. Plots oi D against penetrant concentration for the system polymethyl acrylate—water at different temperatures. Taken from Kishimoto, Maekawa and Fujita (1960)...

Minh, L. V. Nose, T., "Phase Equilibrium of Poly(acrylic acid) Partially Neutralized by NaOH-Poly(vinyl alcohol)-Water System," Polym. J., 15, 145 (1983). 

Esi-Graph. [Emulsion Systems] Acrylic emulsions (m sQoienated acrylics water-based vehicles and additives for the graphic arts industry. 

The utility of blending urethane polymers with other polymers (e.g., acrylics) in a water dispersible media for environmentally friendly coatings has been discussed [Loewrigkeit, 1990]. Blends of separate water dispersions of the constituents generally do not lead to useful properties. Simultaneous polymerization of the acrylic and the urethane results in a desirable property balance and solvent-free coating systems. Commercial, urethane-acrylate water based coating (Flexthane Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.) has been noted by Gruber [1992]. 

MAT Matsuyama, K. and Mishima, K., Effect of virtyl alcohol + sodium acrylate copolymer gel on the vapor-liqirid equilibritrm corrtpositiorts of ethanol + water and 2-propanol + water systems, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 49,1688,2004. 

CAS 3775-90-4 EINECS/ELINCS 223-228-4 Uses Monomer, antistat, corrosion inhibitor for catephoretic metal primers, vinyl/acryl reactive resins, water-based resins, adhesive resins Features Multifunctional cation-active can be copolymerized with vinyl or acryl reactive systems exc. wet adhesion on metal low volatility Properties APHA 50 max. clear liq. m.w. 185 vise. < 10 mPa s 97.5% min. purity... 

FTIR-EGA is useful for evaluation of the effects of additives on thermal stability, and conversely can be used to distinguish between similar materials. Chlorine-containing polymers may be readily identified from their hydrogen chloride evolution profiles. Differences in formulations of the same polymer can be detected in the same way. The hydrogen chloride evolution profiles from three samples of PVC compound are shown in fig 4. One of the samples is clearly different from the other two. Confirmatory evidence is usually provided by the profiles for water, carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons. The FTIR-EGA technique has been similarly useful for characterisation of elastomers, epoxy and acrylic adhesive systems, polyurethanes, and acrylic glazing materials. The published literature on thermal degradation has provided a rich base on which to work. 

Maleic anhydride, polymer with ethyl acrylate and vinyl acetate, hydrolyzed antisealant, water systems Acrylic resin... 

Ammonium dimolybdate corrosion inhibitor, vapor-phase Dicyclohexylamine nitrite 2-Dimethylamino-2-methyl-1-propanol corrosion inhibitor, waterfloods Cocodiamine acetate Etidronic acid corrosion inhibitor, water systems Acrylic resin Hydrazine corrosion inhibitor, water treatment Ammonium dimolybdate Calcium oxide Etidronic acid Lauramine 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole Myristamine Myristamine acetate PEG-8 dioleate PEG-3 tallow aminopropylamine PEG-8 tallow aminopropylamine Potassium phosphate Potassium thiocyanate Potassium tripolyphosphate Sodium chromate Sodium molybdate dihydrate... 

One adhesives area which is expected to move heavily towards water-borne systems is the contact adhesives segment. Both waterborne neoprene and acrylic based systems are expected to contribute to this growth. A contact adhesive is a material which, when coated and allowed to partially dry on two surfaces, may have little residual surface tack (to the touch) but forms a strong joint when the two coated substrates are brought together under low to moderate pressure. 

In this paper we discuss how some of the physical properties of adhesive compositions affect their performance in the areas of contact tack, specific adhesion, and elevated temperature strengths. We concentrate on water-borne acrylic/phenolic systems, but, also draw upon our experience in solvent and water-borne neoprene/phenolic systems. 

Recently, a liquid crystal face cleanser that does not use a polymer has been introduced [28]. This material is made of a lyotropic liquid crystal formed by a nonionic surfactant/polyol/water system, which makes use of the phase-transition behavior caused by the amount of oil and water. A scrubbing agent such as polyethylene powder or sodium poly(acrylic acid) can be added to improve cleaning power and leave a fresh feeling. Pack is used for several hours by forming a coating on the face to provide nutrients and water to the skin as well as to remove dirt from the skin. Poly(vinyl alcohol) or carboxymethyl cellulose is used as the film former. A typical recipe is listed in Table 1 [29]. 

Ziegler-Natta, Phillips, and metallocene catalysts are extensively used to produce polyolefins by catalytic polymerization. These catalysts allow a good control of polymer microstmctiue and large productivities, but they are based on early transition metals (Ti, Zr, Cr, and V), which are oxophilic, and hence sensitive to water. Therefore, they cannot be used in aqueous systems although some relative success has been recently repotted in the polymerization of styrene with metallocene catalysts. Late transition metals (Rrr, Co, Rh, Ni, and Pd) are much less oxophilic, and hence they may be used in water systems. In the past 30 years, a great deal of work has been done to develop late transition metal catalyst to polymerize ethylene and copolymerize it with acrylates in both solvent and aqueous phases. ° Tfre neutral nickel complexes of [P,0]... 

It is advisable to include some carboxy functionality also as the cure reaction between acrylic and melamine resins is acid catalysed. In the more sophisticated industrial markets for acrylics, stoving temperatures are well controlled and adequate cure cycles are achievable. However, in the competitive general metal finishing market, low temperatures and short times are common, so whilst it is possible to externally catalyse using PTSA (para toluene sulphonic acid), this polar material remains in the film after curing to act as a pathway for water. Blistering on exposure to humidity is a common problem in acrylic-melamine systems which have been catalysed by sulphonic acids. 

DWI external coatings are split between acrylic and polyester systems, both of which contain carboxy functionality, neutralised with an amine such as dimethylethanolamine. Current developments in DWI basecoat technology are towards hybrid acrylic polyester water systems. The acrylic portion provides good pigment dispersion properties, whilst the polyester will give improved performance during the spin necking operation. 

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