Acrylamide ammonium cationic monomers

A terpolymer can be obtained from a water-soluble nonionic monomer, such as acrylamide a cationic monomer, such as 3-acrylamidopropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride and a hydrophobic monomer, such as an alkyl-acrylamide... 

Hernandez-Barajas J, Hunkeler DJ (1997) Inverse-emulsion copolymerization of acrylamide and quaternary ammonium cationic monomers with block copolymeric surfactants copolymer composition control using batch and semi-batch techniques. Polymer 38(2) 449—458... 

The Polymerization of Quaternary Ammonium Cationic Monomers with Acrylamide... 

Very frequently non-optimal setpoint trajectories are used for controlling reactor temperatures in batch reactors [25,39,179,180]. Reactor temperatures maybe allowed to increase from ambient temperatures up to a maximum temperature value, in order to use the heat released by reaction to heat the reaction medium and save energy (reduce energy costs). The temperature increase is almost always performed linearly, because of hardware limitations and simplicity of controller programming. After reaching the maximum allowed temperature value, reactor temperature is kept constant for a certain time interval, for production of polymer material at isothermal conditions. At the end of the batch, the reaction temperature is increased in order to reduce the residual monomer content of the final resin, usually with the help of a second catalyst. Heuristic optimum temperature trajectories were also formulated for batch polymerizations of acrylamide and quaternary ammonium cationic monomers, in order to use the available heat of reaction [181]. The batch time was split into two batch periods an isothermal reaction period and an adiabatic reaction period. 

Ni H, Hunkeler D. Prediction of copolymer composition drift using artificial neural networks copolymerization of acrylamide with quaternary ammonium cationic monomers. Polymer 1997 38 667-675. 

These products are prepared by crosslinidng a low molecular weight polyacrylamide (PAM) with glyoxal. The PAM is normally a copolymer of acrylamide and a quaternary ammonium cationic monomer which is prepared in aqueous solution. This results in a cationic polymer which is attached to pulp fibers. The cationic backbone is then crosslinked with sufficient glyoxal to react with most, but not all, of the PAM backbone amide groups. On storage, the resin continues to crosslink and can ultimately gel. In order to achieve the desired stability, paper mills dilute the resin on receipt. At 25 °C, a 10% solution will gel in about 8 days, whereas a 6% solution will take about 65 days to gel at room temperature. 

Definition Polymeric quaternary ammonium salt consisting of acrylamide and dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride monomers Formula (CsHieN C3H5NO Cl)x Properties Dens. 1.020 ref. index 1.350 (20 C) cationic... 

Acrylamide monomer is a white crystal, available commercially as a 50 wt % aqueous solution. Acrylamide monomer can be polymerized to a very-high-molecular-weight (lO -lO g/mole) homopolymer, copolymer, or terpolymer. Polyacrylamide (PAM) is a nonionic polymer. The anionic polyacrylamide species can be obtained from the hydrolysis of the amide (—CONH ) functional group of the homopolymer, or from the copolymerization of acrylamide with an anionic monomer, such as acrylic acid (AA) or 2-acrylamino 2-methyl propane sulfonic acid (AMPS). Acrylamide can be copolymerized with a cationic monomer, such as dimethyl diallylammonium chloride (DMDAAC) or acryloyloxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (AETAC), to form the cationic acrylamide polymer. Acrylamide can simultaneously react with anionic and cationic monomers to form a polyampholyte. The acrylamide homopolymer, copolymers, and terpolymers are synthesized (1-20) by free radicals via solution or emulsion or other polymerization methods. F. A. Adamsky and E. J. Beckman (21) reported the inverse emulsion polymerization of acrylamide in supercritical carbon dioxide. The product classes of acrylamide polymers include liquid, dry, and emulsion. 

Kurokawa et al. [258-260] developed a novel but somewhat complex procedure for the preparation of PP/clay nanocomposites and studied some factors controlling mechanical properties of PP/clay mineral nanocomposites. This method consisted of the following three steps (1) a small amount of polymerizing polar monomer, diacetone acrylamide, was intercalated between clay mineral [hydrophobic hectorite (HC) and hydrophobic MMT clay] layers, surface of which was ion exchanged with quaternary ammonium cations, and then polymerized to expand the interlayer distance (2) polar maleic acid-grafted PP (m-PP), in addition was intercalated into the interlayer space to make a composite (master batch, MB) (3) the prepared MB was finally mixed with a conventional PP by melt twin-screw extrusion at 180°C and at a mixing rate of 160 rpm to prepare nanocomposite. Authors observed that the properties of the nanocomposite strongly dependent on the stiffness of clay mineral layer. Similar improvement of mechanical properties of the PP/clay/m-PP nanocomposites was observed by other researchers [50,261]. 

Analytical Methods. Historically, the copolymer composition of cationic acrylic polymers has been measured by conductiometric (28), silver nitrate (29), or colloid titration (52, 53). Chromatographic methods have been reported for acrylamide monomer (54-56) however, no such methods have been employed for quaternary ammonium monomers. In this chapter, a new HPLC method (Nalco) is described for the simultaneous determination of both comonomers. Colloid titration is described in the next paragraph and was used only for comparison purposes. 

Cationic polymers include homopolymers and cationic copolymers obtained by the polymerization of a vinylic monomer with a quaternary ammonium group or a quatemized amine with another soluble monomer in water such as acrylamide and methacrylamide. The most frequently used polymers are those derived from gum guar such as guar hydroxyl propyl triamonium chloride. They are sold under the trade names Jaguar C13S, C17, etc. [12-16]. 

Cationic Copoiymers. The largest segment of the acrylamide polymer market has been dominated by cationic copolymers. The copolymers of acrylamide (AMD) and cationic quaternary ammonium monomers are manufactured by various commercial processes, which will be discussed in a later section. The most widely used of these cationic comonomers are cationic quaternary amino derivatives of (meth)acrylic acid esters or (meth)acrylamides, and diallydimethylammo-nium chloride. 

Acrylic acid is classified as an anionic monomer and is very soluble in water both as the add and when part or fully neutralised with sodium, ammonium, potassium or other monovalent cation hydroxides. Acrylamide and acrylic acid can be used in mixtures at any proportion. This allows the preparation of copolymers in which the ionic content or charge density has been chosen by the ratio of acrylamide to acrylic acid. All products of this type are referred to genetically as anionic polymers even if the carboxylic add content is low (see (5)). 

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