Acetylcholine cerebellum

Basu N, Stamler CJ, Loua KM, Chan HM. 2005a. An interspecies comparison of mercury inhibition on muscarinic acetylcholine receptor binding in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 205 71-76. 

As previously mentioned, early in vivo acute toxicity studies indicated that the action of Type II pyrethroids on the nervous system was different from that of the Type I pyrethroids. Deltamethrin decreased the acetylcholine content of the cerebellum, whereas DDT, a well-established voltage-sensitive sodium channel agonist, and cismethrin, caused no significant reduction [2]. 

Koizumi S, Fujishita K, Tsuda M et al (2003) Dynamic inhibition of excitatory synaptic transmission by astrocyte-derived ATP in hippocampal cultures. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100 11023-8 Kubista H, Boehm S (2006) Molecular mechanisms underlying the modulation of exocytotic noradrenaline release via presynaptic receptors. Pharmacol Ther 112 213 42 Kukulski F, Sevigny J, Komoszynski M (2004) Comparative hydrolysis of extracellular adenine nucleotides and adenosine in synaptic membranes from porcine brain cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum and medulla oblongata. Brain Res 1030 49-56 Kurokawa M, Koga K, Kase H et al (1996) Adenosine A2a receptor-mediated modulation of striatal acetylcholine release in vivo. J Neurochem 66 1882-8 Kurz K, von Ktigelgen I, Starke K (1993) Prejunctional modulation of noradrenaline release in mouse and rat vas deferens contribution of PI- and P2-purinoceptors. Br J Pharmacol 110 1465-72... 

Biochemical measurement of distinct levels of acetylcholine (McIntosh, 1941 Kasa et al., 1982) and its biosynthetic enzyme, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in cerebellar tissue (Kasa and Silver, 1969 Salvaterra and Foders, 1979 Hayashi, 1987 and others) indicated the presence of a cholinergic innervation in the cerebellum. ChAT activity varies among different lobules with the highest levels in the nodulus and ventral uvula. Following deafferentation of the cerebellar cortex, ChAT activity is considerably de-... 

A major drawback of many studies of the chemical neuroanatomy is that they were conducted in only one species, the rat. There is extensive evidence for species differences in the distribution of the synthetizing enzyme of acetylcholine (ChAT), muscarinic cholinergic receptors and acetylcholinesterase (see Section 3.10.), and there is reason to assume that a similar interspecies variability exists for other transmitter systems. The expression of Zebrin by certain subpopulations of Purkinje cells, and the zonal patterns in the distribution of 5 -nucleotidase, only occur in certain species. It is a fortunate coincidence for the experimental neuroscientist that the Zebrin zonal pattern is expressed in rats, but in other species like the cat or macaque monkeys all Purkinje cells are Zebrin-immunoreactive. Many species-differences in the chemical neuroanatomy of the cerebellum may be due to the selectivity of the antibodies employed in the im-munocytochemical techniques, but other differences may be real and may reflect true variations in structure or in the transmission and second messenger systems of the cerebellum. 

Kasa P, Bansaghy K, Rakonczay Z, Gulya K (1982) Postnatal development of the acetylcholine system in different parts of the rat cerebellum. J. Neurochem., 39, 1726-1732. 

Crossland and MitchelB argued that, since the cerebellum has a low acetylcholine content, it might be a richer source of non-cholinergic transmitter substances than the rest of the brain. They therefore studied the action of crude extracts of the cerebellum, and of other parts of the brain, on the electrical activity of the cerebellum of the decerebrate rabbit. These... 

Vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 (VMAT2) is located on the membrane of the intracellular storage vesicle, and it transports all biogenic amines (e.g. serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, acetylcholine, histamine) with practically equivalent affinity. Regional localization of VMAT2 is consistent with the known monoamine nerve terminal density it is highest in the striatum, lateral septum, substantia nigra pars compacta, raphe nucleus, and locus ceruleus. Lower density is evident in the cerebral cortex and in the cerebellum. 

One of the most active areas of research in molecular imaging is the study of the effect of age. Suhara and colleagues used PET to study the age-related changes in human muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. In persons between the ages of 18 and 75, uptake of [ C]N-methyl piperidyl benzilate continuously increased in all brain areas with the exception of the cerebellum. The binding of the tracer to acetylcholine receptors in eight brain regions (pons, hippocampus, frontal cortex, striatum, temporal cortex, thalamus, occipital cortex, and parietal cortex) showed an age-related decrease of about 45%. 

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