3-Acetyl deoxynivalenol

Hsia, C.C., Wu, J.L., Lu, X.Q., Li, Y.S. (1988). Natural occurrence and clastogenic effects of nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, and zearalenone in com from a high-risk area of esophageal cancer. 

The specificity of monoclonal antibodies make it possible to develop an analytical method for a single mycotoxin, such as aflatoxin Bi in maize and groundnut meal, or aflatoxin Mj in milk and milk products. Even within chemically closely related structures such as the Fusarium trichothecenes there is very little cross-reactivity between a monoclonal raised to a single toxin such as T-2 toxin and other members of the family. Thus, a monoclonal raised against 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol showed negligible cross-reactivity with deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, or T-2 toxin. 

Varga, E., Malachova, A., Schwartz, H., Krska, R., Berthiller, F. (2013). Survey of deoxyni-valnol and its conjugates deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside and 3 acetyl-deoxynivalenol in 374 beer samples. Food Additives and Contaminants, 30, 137-146. 

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), 1658, 1825 3-Acetyldeoxynivalenol, 3127, 3145 15-Acetyl deoxynivalenol (15ADON),... 

Table 1. The most important trichotheoene mycotoxins (DAS dyacetoxyscirpenol, DON deoxynivalenol, 3-AcDON 3-acetyl-DON, 15-AcDON 15-acetyl- DON).

Several surveys suggest that the most prevalent trichothecenes are deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol, 3-acetyl-DON (3-AcDON) and 15-acetyl-DON (15-AcDON), as type-B trichothecenes, and HT-2 toxin and T-2 toxin, as type-A trichothecenes. They are mainly found on maize, oats, barley, and wheat. The latter, espedally durum wheat, which is used nearly exclusively for the production of pasta, is susceptible to Fusaria infection and is often highly contaminated with DON. In European agricultural commodities type-A trichothecenes usually occur less frequently and at lower concentrations than DON. The simultaneous occurrence of DON with other Fusarium mycotoxins mainly type-B trichothecenes and zearalenone, has been reported for a variety of agricultural commodities (Gareis et al., 1989 Petterson, 1992, as cited in Krska et al., 2001). 

Fonts, N., Pinson-Gadais, L., Verdal-Bonnin, M. N., Barreau, C., Richard-Forget, F. (2006). Accumulation of deoxynivalenol and its 15-acetylated form is significantly modulated by oxidative stress in hquid cultures of Fusarium graminearum. FEMSMicrobiology Letters, 258,102-107. 

Methods exist for many matrix/mycotoxin combinations including patulin in apple juice using atmospheric pressure photoionization, zearalenone and its metabolites in fish tissue and porcine urine, muscle, and liver tissues using electrospray ionization, trichothecenes (T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, acetyl T-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, neosolaniol, and mono-acetoxyscirpenol) in grain using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, and trichothecenes (T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol), zearalenone and its metabolites (a- and jS-zearalenol and a- and jS-zearalanol) in eggs. 

Two trichothecene mycotoxins (nivalenol and deoxynivalenol) and two related esters (3-acetyl- and 15-0-acetyl-4-deoxynivalenol) were extracted from wheat flour and separated on a Cjg coluitm (2 = 220nm). A complex 36-min 92/8 - 0/100 (9/10 water/acetonitrile)/acetonitrile gradient gave good resolution and peak shape [1100]. Standards containing 3 ppm of each compound were easily detected. 

Eriksen GS, Pettersson H, Lindberg JE. Absorption, metabolism and excretion of 3-acetyl DON in pigs. Arch Tieremahr. 2003 57 335-345. Karlovsky P. Biological detoxification of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol and its use in genetically engineered crops and feed additives. Aypl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2011 91 491-504. 

O Donnell T. Aoki [2] from molecular phylogenetic analyses. Other Japanese researchers identified the chemical structure of NIV, fusarenon-X (4-acetyl NIV), and deoxynivalenol (DON) [3-6],... 

Sundstpl Eriksen G, Pettersson H, Lundh T (2004) Comparative cytotoxicity of deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, their acetylated derivatives and de-epoxy metabolites. Food Chem Toxicol 42 619... 

Walker F, Meier B (1998) Determination of the Fusarium mycotoxins nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, 3 -acetyldeox3Tiivalenol, and 15-0-acetyl-4-deoxynivalenol in contaminated whole wheat flour by liquid chromatography with diode array detection and gas chromatography with electron capture detection. J. AOAC Int. 81 741... 

Yoshizawa T, Jin YZ (1995) Natural occurrence of acetylated derivatives of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol in wheat and barley in Japan. Food Add. Contam. 12 68x9... 

---