Accumulation and Activation

Accumulation of metals may take many forms and aspects of chelation may affect both uptake and activity. Thus, while we consider chelating 

The administration of robust complexes such as those of Pt or Au will be of use when their reactivity with the target is pharmacokinetically appropriate — the window of reactivity must be recognised and will depend on chemical factors such as hydrolysis and ligand exchange as well as uptake and distribution. Uptake of metal complexes may be best for neutral species, since no transport process need be activated but it is well to remember that this is not an absolute requirement. The charged amine complexes, close analogues of cisplatin, enter cells (Chapter 3.1) and indeed lipophilicity may enhance this uptake an example is the ruthenium (II) chelate of (3,4,7,8-)tetramethyl-l,10-phenanthroline (Chapter 6.1.3). 

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Inflammation occurs when a living tissue is injured or infected by microorganisms. It is a beneficial, self-limited response that requires phagocytic cells and elements of circulating plasma to enter the affected area. In principle it may achieve resolution and repair as the ideal outcome of inflammation. The persistent accumulation and activation of leukocytes is a hallmark of chronic inflammation. 

In vivo roles of CXCR1 and CXCR2 and their ligands were investigated using rabbits in which the orthologues of IL-8 and its two receptors have been identified. Intravenous injection of a neutralizing anti-IL-8 antibody prevented neutrophil accumulation and activation in a model of reperfusion tissue injury... 

Laskin, D.L., Pilaro, A., and Ji, S., Potential role of activated macrophages in acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. II. Mechanism of macrophage accumulation and activation. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 86, 216, 1986. 

SCHROEDER, H., LEITMAN, D. C., Hayward, L. D., Bennett, B. M., Murphy, F., Cultured rat lung fibroblasts as a model for organic nitrate-induced cyclic GMP accumulation and activation of guanylate cyclase. J. Appl. Cardiol. 2 (1987), p. 301-311... 

If patients are having radiotherapy or chemotherapy to treat cancer, formulas that strongly soften hardness, reduce accumulation, and activate Qi and blood circulation should be used with caution. 

In contrast to the acute mediator-induced bronchocon-striction and mucosal oedema characteristic of the EAR, there is now considerable evidence that the LAR is associated with inflammatory cell accumulation and activation. This situation is generally considered to be analogous to that seen in chronic airway inflammation, but some caution is needed in extrapolating the results of... 

Neutrophils [210] are accumulated in the synovial fluid of the inflamed joints in large amounts [211], although the prime reasons for the accumulation and activation of neutrophils to generate ROS are not yet completely clarified [212]. The increased oxygen consumption by neutrophilic granulocytes upon stimulation under... 

Bryers, J.D. and Characklis, W.G., 1992, Biofilm accumulation and activity a process analysis approach, in Melo, L.F., Bott, T.R., Fletcher, M. and Capdeville, B. eds. Biofilms - Science and Technology. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 221 - 250. 

Emergency core cooling system consists of two trains. Each train meets the single failure principle. System includes high and low pressure sub-system. High-pressxue subsystem includes passive (hydro-accumulators) and active pumps and water storage tanks) features for water injection in reactor. Low-pressure sub-system ensures returning a condense accumulated in containment, into the reactor by recirculation pumps. 

In most people infected with HIV it is not only the immune system that suffers from the viral infection, it is also the central nervous system that undergoes significant pathology that may finally lead to dementia, called H IV-associated dementia (HAD). The pathology of HAD is characterized by neuronal loss, apoptosis of astrocytes, widespread accumulation and activation of brain macrophages (endogenous and infiltrated) and the presence of multinucleated giant cells in the CNS [93]. 

Sokolov, M.V., Panyutin, I.V., Panyutin, LG. and Neumann, R.D. (2011). Dynamics of the transcriptome response of cultured human embryonic stem cells to ionizing radiation exposure. Mutat Res. Vol. 709-710 No. pp. 40-48 ISSN 0027-5107 Solozobova, V. and Blattner, C. (2010). Regulation of p53 in embryonic stem cells. Exp Cell Res. Vol 316 No. 15 pp. 2434-2446 ISSN 1090-2422 Solozobova, V., Rolletschek, A. and Blattner, C. (2009). Nuclear accumulation and activation of p53 in embryonic stem cells after DNA damage. BMC Cell Biol. Vol. 10 No. pp. 46 ISSN 1471-2121... 

Chemokines regulate the accumulation and activation of leukocytes at sites of inflammation. Alterations in chemokine expression are associated with the pathogenesis of a variety of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. Methods of chemokine expression in a few representative inflammatory pathologies are detailed below. 

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