Error Accidental

ZufdUi eitsfeUer, m. accidental error. Zufalls-etgebnis, n. fortuitous result, -gesetz, n. law of chance or probability, -kurve, /. probability ciirve. -Wert, m. chance value, freak value, zufliessen, v.i, flow in. 

Mutations can arise as a result of physical or chemical effects, or they can be due to accidental errors in DNA replication and recombination. 

Stereoselective polymerization may proceed by ionic or coordination mechanisms. In many cases one admits that in the counterion or in the catalytic complex enantiomeric active centers exist, which give rise to predominantly (R) or (S) chains, respectively. Such centers may exist prior to polymerization or may be formed by reaction of a nonchiral precursor with the enantiomeric mixture of the monomers. Alternatively, one can think that the stereoselectivity depends mainly on the interaction between the entering monomer molecule (which is chiral) and the last unit in the chain (also chiral) according to this hypothesis, the enantiomeric excess inside each chain is generally low, because the occurrence of an accidental error brings about an inversion of the sense of stereoselection. 

In the absence of systematic errors, accidental errors (due to hazards) exist that cannot be controlled because they are indeterminate. The direction and amplitude of these errors varies in a non-reproducible fashion from one measurement to another. 

In experimental evaluation of the detection limit, each measurement carries an accidental error. When there are sufficient individual results it is assumed that the distribution of errors is normal (i.e., Gaussian), which for very small signals is not strictly fulfilled. Under such conditions the spread of experimental results is characterized by the standard deviation at the background level, 5b- Because exact determination of 5b might be difficult, it is generally assumed that it does not differ significantly from 5b close to limit of detection. Then, 5b can be calculated as follows ... 

When processing results, simple statistical methods as well as more complex chemometric methods are used. Significance tests are applied to assess measurement results obtained for two compared samples and to establish whether small observed differences between them are the result of real differences in measured values, or whether they are the result of accidental errors. 

One final thought before the minefield is tackled management codes are guidelines only and differing opinions and business pressures can cause considerable discussion inside companies. It is possible for untrained or very focused minds to err from the path of righteousness and for the sake of our industry I urge real caution in this area. There are many examples of both deliberate and accidental errors in the area of food contact application for plastics and none of them are justifiable if the spirit of Responsible Care, product stewardship and consumer safety become, as they should be, the number one priority in a company. 

The solutions of these eqtiations can be obtained empirically, but a systematic method is less liable to accidental errors. 

In comphance with the reasons of appearance, all errors can be divided into systematic and accidental. Systematic errors are the errors possessing the determined function connection with the source of their cause, and the error function itself and its arguments are known. Accidental errors are the errors caused by the combined actions of the influencing (destabihzing) factors, and owing to their uncertainty their functional connection with the source of errors cannot be determined. 

The second class of errors includes the indeterminate errors, often called accidental or random errors which represent the experimental uncertainty that occurs in any measurement. These errors are revealed by small differences in successive measurements made by the same analyst under virtually identical conditions, and they caimot be predicted or estimated. These accidental errors will follow a random distribution therefore, mathematical laws of probability can be applied to arrive at some conclusion regarding the most probable result of a series of measurements. 

Frequently, when a series of replicate analyses is performed, one of the results will appear to differ markedly from the others. A decision will have to be made whether to reject the result or to retain it. Unfortunately, there are no uniform criteria that can be used to decide if a suspect result can be ascribed to accidental error rather than chance variation. It is tempting to delete extreme values from a data set because they will alter the calculated statistics in an unfavorable way, that is, increase the standard deviation and variance (measures of spread)j and they may substantially alter the reported mean. The only reliable basis for rejection occurs when it can be decided that some specific error may have been made in obtaining the doubtful result. No result should be retained in cases where a known error has occurred in its collection. 

The following set of chloride analyses on separate aliquots of a pooled serum were reported 103, 106, 107, and 114 meq/L. One value appears suspect. Determine if it can be ascribed to accidental error, at the 95% confidence level. 

The following replicate molarities were obtained when standardizing a solution 0.1067, 0.1071, 0.1066, and 0.1050. Can one of the results be discarded as due to accidental error at the 95% confidence level ... 

The irregular deviations of the measurements from, say, the arithmetical mean of all are called accidental errors. In the following discussion we shall call them errors of observation unless otherwise stated. These deviations become more pronounced the nearer the approach to the limits of accurate measurement. Or, as Lamb1 puts it, the more refined the methods employed the more vague and elusive does the supposed magnitude become the judgment flickers and wavers, until at last in a sort of despair some result is put down, not in the belief that it is exact, but with the feeling that it is the best we can make of the matter . It is the object of the remainder of this chapter to find what is the best we can make of a set of discordant measurements. 

The symbols y and P are convenient abbreviations for this cumbrous phrase. For a large number of observations affected with accidental errors, the probability of an error of observation having a magnitude a , is,... 

Example.—Discuss the following Merely increasing the number of experiments, without varying the conditions or method of observation, diminishes the influence of accidental errors. It is, however, useless to multiply the number of observations beyond a certain limit. On the other hand, the greater the number and variety of the observations, the more complete will be the elimination of the effects of both constant and accidental errors. ... 

As a matter of fact the theory of probability is of little or no importance, when the constant, or systematic errors are greater than the accidental errors. Still further, this use of the probable error cannot be justified, even when the different series of experiments are only affected with accidental errors, because the probable error only shows how uniformly an experimenter has... 

Even the most carefully prepared prescription for the ideal therapy will be useless if the patient s level of compliance is inadequate. Noncompliance, thought to occur 50% of the time, may be manifest in drug therapy as intentional or accidental errors in dosage or schedule, overuse, underuse, early termination of therapy, or not having a prescription filled. Noncompliance always should be considered in evaluating therapeutic failures. 

Every experimental measurement has an error associated wi h it. error may be comprised of accidental errors and/or constant errors. 

The vector of observation errors (dYE), at a local heterogeneous network, is usually expressed as the sum of two stochastically independent random vectors, a systematic error vector (dYs) and an accidental error vector (dlA) ... 

The genomics of the drosophila leukemia and brain tumor are comparable to that of some human tumors (as documented in the text). The ancient cell survival genes had been preserved throughout evolution and retained their potency to be reactivated, either by accidental errors (amplifications mutations), or by an inherent faculty securing the continuity of the living matter in the form of immortalized cells. 

Instead, in quantum mechanics the state is important in measurement, while all is fluctuating due to the undulatoiy nature of the states components (electrons, atoms) as a consequence the influence of the measuring apparatus becomes partially out of control as such the quantum mechanics may predict the maximal precision of an ideal experiment (beyond of any subjective or accidental errors). Thus, quantum measurements do not measure one system but two systems (object and the apparatus) in interaction, i.e., merely measures the interaction itself or the d5mamical state of the concerned system to be measured. 

Errors.—The determination of the value of a physical property is always liable to errors of various kinds, so that in all cases the result of an observation or measurement is only an approximation to the truth. The two chief kinds of errors are constant errors due to some error in the apparatus, or to the neglect of certain factors which exercise an appreciable effect, and accidental errors or errors of observation. 

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