Chloride analysis

Postirradiation chloride analyses indicated complete recovery of solute chlorine as inorganic chloride ion. 

Silica analyses were made on an automatic analyzer using a modification of the method of Mullin and Riley (29). Chloride analyses were also made on the automatic analyzer, using the method of O Brien (30). Conductivity measurements usually were made on the pressure-filtered... 

The following set of chloride analyses on separate aliquots of a pooled serum were reported 103, 106, 107, and 114 meq/L. One value appears suspect. Determine if it can be ascribed to accidental error, at the 95% confidence level. 

Chloride analyses in the clinical setting are primarily concerned with levels in the sweat for diagnosing cystic fibrosis, although in vitro blood analysis is easily accomplished. 

Corrosion tests that are performed on lollipops are corrosion potential readings as described in ASTM C 876 (Test Method for Half-Cell Potentials of Uncoated Reinforcing Steel in Concrete), polarization resistance as described in ASTM G 59, using IR correction [3,9], and EIS [9]. Specimens are broken open to visually examine the bars for confirmation of the electrochemical results, and chloride analyses are performed. The chloride analysis correlates the chloride content to the corrosion activity. 

Further evidence that the fused salt is free from basic chloride, is afforded by the agreement of the chloride analyses among themselves, as well as with the results of the bromide analyses. 

The close agreement of the chloride analyses with those of the bromide is very reassuring for it is difficult to believe that any constant error, such as hydrolysis of the salts during fusion, could have affected both series of results to the same extent. Furthermore it is obvious that the different specimens of lead chloride are identical within the limit of experimental error, and that ordinary lead, if composed wholly or in part of isotopes, is astonishingly constant in composition. 

In Figure 14 is shown the mass spectrum of the purified and distilled extracts of methylmercury compounds from fish obtained by the combined GC-MS instrument. The spectrum is similar to the reference mass spectrum of methylmercury chloride analysed by the direct inlet. Both spectra indicate the existence of methylmercury iodide, and no separation could be observed between the chloride and iodide on the total ion current recorder. 

Follow the same procedure as with the complex with diaminoethane (Sec. 14.8.1) but use 4.76 g Co(Il) chloride hexahydrate, 3.8 cm of diaminopropane. Calculate the % yield based on Co(II) chloride. Analyse for ionised Cf by titration as before. Prepare a KBr disc and run the ir spectrum and compare it with that of the en complex. 

An ion-selective electrode is available for chloride analysis chloride can be measured potentiometrically at 10 -1 M. Iodide and sulfide are the principal interferences. 

Chloride. Chloride analysis may be done in any one of 3 ways with adequate sensitivity for the Laboratorv of Neonatology. It can be done amperometrically ( ), by titration (32) or with the chloride electrode (33). 

CobaltCII) carbonate (basic), uses, 7 239t Cobalt chloride analysis, 7 237t... 

Elemental composition Cu 64.18%, Cl 35.82%. Copper(I) chloride is dissolved in nitric acid, diluted appropriately and analyzed for copper by AA or ICP techniques or determined nondestructively by X-ray techniques (see Copper). For chloride analysis, a small amount of powdered material is dissolved in water and the aqueous solution titrated against a standard solution of silver nitrate using potassium chromate indicator. Alternatively, chloride ion in aqueous solution may be analyzed by ion chromatography or chloride ion-selective electrode. Although the compound is only sparingly soluble in water, detection limits in these analyses are in low ppm levels, and, therefore, dissolving 100 mg in a liter of water should be adequate to carry out aU analyses. 

Barber LB, Thurman EM, Takahashi Y, et al. 1992. Comparison of purge and trap GC/MS and purgeable organic chloride analysis for monitoring volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons. Ground Water 30 836-842. 

Later, the chemical characterisation of the volatiles from yellow passion fruit essence and from the juice of the fruit was done by GC-MS and GC-olfactom-etry (GC-O) [27]. Esters were the components found in the largest concentrations in passion fruit juice and essence extracted with methylene chloride. Analysis by GC-O yielded a total of 66 components which appeared to contribute to the aroma of passion fruit juice and its aqueous essence. Forty-eight compounds were identified in the pulp of Brazilian yellow passion fruits (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) [48]. The predominant volatile compounds belonged to the classes of esters (59%), aldehydes (15%), ketones (11%), and alcohols (6%). 

The compound PPN[N3] contains some acetone of crystallization. It is an air stable, white crystalline solid (mp 195-196 °C). A chloride analysis of < 0.2% indicates metathesis from the chloride to the azide salt is complete. It is very soluble in dichloromethane, acetone, and acetonitrile, and only slightly soluble in refluxing THF or hot water. It is insoluble in hydrocarbon solvents and diethyl ether. 

However with poor ventilation they seem to give more persistent smoke than compositions based on ammonium nitrate and sodium chloride. Analysis of the smoke showed it to be due to finely divided ammonium chloride suspended in moist air, and although not harmful it may be objectionable to the miners. In addition, calcium sulphate was included to suppress the smoke (J. Taylor and Gay [4]). Calcium nitrate found only a limited use as a substance for lowering the temperature of detonation flame. 

A metal forms two different chlorides. Analysis shows one to be 54.1% Cl and the other to be 64.4% Cl by weight. What are the possible values of the atomic weight of the metal ... 

Ag+ preferentially reacts with the analyte to form a soluble salt or complex. During this addition, Ag+ reacts with the analyte only, and not the indicator. But when all the analyte is completely consumed by Ag+ and no more of it is left in the solution, addition of an excess drop of silver nitrate titrant produces an instant change in color because of its reaction with the silver-sensitive indicator. Some of the indicators used in the argentometric titrations are potassium chromate or dichlorofluorescein in chloride analysis and p -dime thy la m i nobe nzalrho da n i nc in cyanide analysis. Silver nitrate reacts with potassium chromate to form red silver chromate at the end point. This is an example of precipitation indicator, where the first excess of silver ion combines with the indicator chromate ion to form a bright red solid. This is also known as Mohr method. 

Suitable control experiments had been carried out to establish that dibutyltin dichloride is not lost from the residue at 50 °C. and 12 mm. and to establish that the procedure for mercaptide removal (peracetic acid oxidation) did not interfere with the accuracy of the chloride analysis. 

Chuchani and coworkers160 examined the participation by a more remote benzene ring in co-phenylalkyl chlorides. Analysis of the data of Table 16 indicated that participation of C6H5 at the 2-, 4- and 5-positions is more favored than in the 3-position which seems unimportant. The relative sequence found in this work is somewhat similar to that found in the formolysis and acetolysis of co-phenylalkyl / -bromobenzenesulfonates by Heck and Winstein161 ... 

Figure 4.17 Activity of jS-galactosidase with time in the presence of 7 mM guanidine chloride. Analysis of the exponential decrease as the sum of two exponentials yields decay times of 2.9 and 14.5 min.

Figure 1. Calibration curve for amino group (dl-leucine) and ammonium ion (ammonium chloride) analysis by ninhydrin method.

Surprisingly, the chlorate concentration in the melt is reported to remain at the level (0.004 mole %) at which it was initially present in the lithium perchlorate. This would seem to make it improbable that chlorate is an intermediate in the reaction. However, the chlorate analyses published could correspond only to upper limits of experimental uncertainty. The reactions appear to be homogeneous and unaffected by substantial additions of lithium hydroxide or of lithium nitrate. There is at least an apparent rate reduction on addition of sodium nitrate or on passage of oxygen through the melt. Since these last rate measurements were made by chloride analysis (and not by spectrophotometry for nitrite or nitrate as in other cases), diversion of an intermediate may explain all or some of them. 

Medically, anions are of great importance in many disease pathways. Cystic fibrosis, a genetic illness affecting a significant proportion of society, is caused by misregulation of chloride channels (17). There is, therefore, a real need for selective halide detection, as established methods of chloride analysis are unsuitable for biological applications (18). Cancer is caused by the uncontrolled replication of polyanionic DNA. Anion-binding proteins have also been implicated in the mechanism of Alzheimer s disease (19). 

Wenk RE, Lustgarten JA, Pappas NJ, Levy RI, Jackson R. Serum chloride analysis, bromide detection, and the diagnosis of bromism. Am J Clin Path 1976 64 49-57. 

Pyridinium Chloride Analysis. The pyridinium method of analysis was developed by Bell (16) based on methods described... 

This reduction involves a 30% decrease in volume, which makes the rust layers more porous and allows the solution to reach the deeply-buried chlorides. The conservation must be carried out in sealed containers as ingress of oxygen into the solution would convert the sulfite to sulfate, and hence no reduction would take place. Some conservators have heated the solutions up to 60°C to speed up the reduction rates, and hence the removal of chloride ions. The two major problems with this particular formulation are that the chloride analysis is rather difficult and is not very efficient for artefacts covered in thick layers of corrosion products. 

Figure 2.1. (a) Flow diagram for the spectrophotometric determination of chloride S is the point of sample injection, D is the detector, and W is the waste, (b) Analog output showing chloride analysis in the range of 5-75 ppm Cl with the system depicted in (a). To demonstrate the reproducibility of the measurements, each sample was injected in quadruplicate. The injected volume was 30 p.L, sampling rate was approximately 120 samples per hour. The fast scan of the 30-ppm sample (/ 3o) and the 75-ppm sample (Rys) on the right show extent of carryover (less than 1%) if samples are injected in a span of 38 s (difference between S and S2). 

Complex formation is used extensively in water analysis. The determination of hardness, Ca and Mg concentration, employs the com-plexation of these metals with the chelating agent ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (EDTA) the titrimetric finish of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) test uses the complexing agent 1,10-phenanthroline to detect the presence of Fe and so indicate the endpoint chloride analysis by. the mercurimetric method depends on the formation of the complex HgCl taq) between Hg " and the chloride ion. 

---