Access excavations

A carefully planned network of shafts, drifts, and raises are the requisites of a producing underground mine. The word development stands for the preparation of this network. In normal development one can recognize four different kinds of rock excavation and they are shafts, drifts, raises and inclines. The main aim of provision of a shaft is to provide access to or a connection with underground. This access may be utilized for a variety of purposes hoisting rock and ore, personnel and material transport, ventilation, etc. Most modem shafts... 

Sauter, F., Varmuza, K., Werther, W. and Stadler, P. (2002). Studies in organic archaeometry V chemical analysis of organic material found in traces on a Neolithic terracotta idol statuette excavated in lower Austria. ARKIVOC 2002 http //www. arkat-usa. org/ark/j ournal/2002/General/1-343E/343E.pdf. Accessed 20-7-2007. 

Colliery Culm bank Deep mine Diming Coal mine, especially an underground mine for coal See spoil heap See underground mine Excavation of tloor strata below a thin coal seam to improve the overall working height of roadways, thus improving access (see also ripping)... 

Metal reclamation of sediments uses many of the same approaches as for soils, except that sediment access is often more difficult. Once removed from the bottom of a lake or river, sediments can be treated and replaced, or landfilled in a hazardous waste containment site. The actual removal of sediments involves dredging. This can pose serious problems since dredging includes the excavation of sediments from benthic anaerobic conditions to more atmospheric oxidizing conditions. This can result in increased solubilization of metals, along with increased bioavailability (see Section 10.3) and potential toxicity, and increased risk of contaminant spreading (Moore, Ficklin Johns, 1988 Jorgensen, 1989 Moore, 1994). There are ongoing discussions as to whether it is more detrimental to remove sediments, whether for treatment or removal, or simply to leave them in place. 

In an attempt to evaluate the applicability of LA-ICP-MS to the study of human bone, we analyzed teeth and bone obtained from seventy-six individuals recovered during excavation of the Paloma archaeological site in central Peru. Paloma was occupied from approximately 3830-3730 B.C. and is located along the coastal plain of central Peru (36, 37). The only moisture this area receives is in the form of dense fog which is deposited on the landscape between June and December. Consequently, inhabitants of the site would have had limited access to terrestrial food resources and would have greater dependence on marine resources from the nearby ocean for the majority of their nutritional requirements. 

Disposal facilities for nonhazardous waste (e.g., municipal/indus-trial landfills) normally are constructed without substantial engineered barriers, such as a rock cover or cement waste forms, that would deter inadvertent intrusion into waste, and the waste itself often is in a readily accessible physical form. Therefore, in determining exempt waste, scenarios for inadvertent intrusion involving permanent occupancy of disposal sites and normal human activities that could access waste would be appropriate. Examples include excavation in the construction of homes and permanent residence on... 

Describe possible mechanisms by which hazardous substances could be released from a disposal facility. A credible series of processes and events that could result in release of hazardous substances from the disposal site to a portion of the environment that is accessible to humans and the probability that these processes and events would occur, often called a release scenario, is developed. Release scenarios for waste disposal facilities generally should include considerations of inadvertent human intrusion resulting from normal activities, such as excavation or drilling, as well as releases to air and groundwater due to natural processes and events. 

To sample with airtight coring devices, we must have access to exposed soil, which may be the ground surface, the bottom and sidewalls of an excavation, the stockpile face or side, or soil in the excavator bucket. We may also apply this technique for sampling of subsurface soil brought to the ground level in a split spoon sampler. 

The Town of Greenwich realized that the costs of cleanup were going to be well beyond the capability of the community to pay. In 2004, the town applied for a US EPA brownfields cleanup grant. In its grant application, the town stated that it is committed to redeveloping the site as a public access and recreational park and that it planned to use the grant to excavate PCB-contaminated soil to depth of 4 ft over an area of approximately one-quarter acre. The town committed to backfilling the excavation with clean material, possibly from a local construction project. 

Illustration 3 shows the ravine of Babi Yar in an air photo taken by the Luftwaffe on September 26, 1943.15 The part of the ravine (near the Jewish cemetery) where the massacre allegedly took place is shown as enlargement in illustration 4. What we see is in fact a placid and peaceful valley. Neither the topography nor the vegetation has been disrupted by human intervention. There are no access roads for the transport of humans or fuel, no fuel depots, no excavations, no burning sites, and no smoke. 

From the locality, which was accessible only by strenuous rock-climbing, about 3 tons of material were brought down, by means of an aerial rope-way specially erected for the period of excavation, to the valley for washing in the brook. 

The original interest in these excavated samples stemmed from the important role of bronze and the historical implications of the extensive tin trade routes in the Middle Bronze Age (2200-1600 B.C.). As bronze metallurgy developed from the earlier use of copper and arsenical copper, tin sources became vital (14). By the Middle Bronze Age, the limited distribution of tin deposits throughout the world and the ample supply of copper were well-known, and extensive tin trade routes had been established to supply the metallurgical centers of the world with this then-considered precious metal (15-16). The Ugaritic tablets from Ras Shamra, however, indicate a severe drop in the value of tin around the Late Bronze Age (1400-1200 B.C.). It has been postulated (17) that this drop was related to the discovery of more accessible sources of tin. 

Although the subsurface environment may be somewhat simpler than surface waters, it is less well understood, perhaps because it cannot be observed directly and is accessible only at considerable expense through excavation and drilling. 

Guangdong News 2006, WWW.NEWSGD.COM. Joint team ends cbemical weapons excavation, 2006-07-11. All rights reserved. Registered number 020074, ICP Certificate No. B2-20050252, available at, http /newsgd.com/news/chinal/200607110041.btm (accessed December 30, 2006). 

Not all remedial actions involve excavation and treatment. Generally, engineering controls, such as containment, and restrictions on use and access, as well as continued monitoring, can be used for waste that poses a relatively low long-term threat or where treatment is impracticable.5 For example, cumulatively, through most of FY 2002, EPA selected containment in 43 percent of the CERCLA source control Records of Decision (EPA, 2004). Thus, if the history of hazardous waste cleanup is a guide, there are likely to be circumstances where containment in place of buried CWM is chosen over recovery and treatment of the buried CWM. 

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