Oral drug delivery acceptability

According to the online resource, Pharmacircle, 53% of all commercialized pharmaceutical dosage forms are oral drug-delivery systems. Oral drug delivery is the most common route of administration due to the fact that it is more convenient, less invasive, and less painful compared to other routes of administration. Of the various oral drug-delivery systems shown in Figures 27.1 and 27.2, 68% are tablets and 20% are capsules. In particular, tablets are relatively easy to manufacture and are generally well-accepted by patients. 

Polysaccharide/protein microspheres have been employed in oral drug delivery since long time. These dmg carriers fi om naturally occurring pol5miers are widely accepted by consumers. A series of microspheres... 

Historically, the oral route of administration has been used the most for both conventional and novel drug-delivery systems. There are many obvious reasons for this, not the least of which would include acceptance by the patient and ease of administration. The types of sustained- and controlled-release systems employed for oral administration include virtually every currently known theoretical mechanism for such application. This is because there is more flexibility in dosage design, since constraints, such as sterility and potential damage at the site of administration, axe minimized. Because of this, it is convenient to discuss the different types of dosage forms by using those developed for oral administration as initial examples. 

There are few occasions where a drug is delivered alone in a pure form into the body, but it is usually combined with other materials (called excipients) to form drug delivery systems ( medicines , formulations or dosage forms ). These promote accurate dosing, therapeutic effectiveness, stability and patient acceptability. By far the most common route for delivering drugs into the body is by the oral route, swallowing a tablet or capsule. 

The rectum has historically been an accepted site of drug delivery [1], Its principal applications have been for local therapy, e.g., hemorrhoids, and for systemic delivery of drugs, e.g., fever and pain. The rectal route can be an extremely useful route for delivery of drugs to infants, young children, and patients where difficulties can arise from oral administration... 

In conclusion, contraception therapies with vaginal rings present excellent efficacy with little risk of side effects and appear to be as effective as oral contraception and IUD, in terms of pregnancy prevention [42]. Moreover, rings are characterized by important benefits like ease of use, long-term schedule, and user-controlled application. These versatile drug delivery systems appear to be safe, effective, and acceptable. 

Classic in vitro cell culture models were used earlier to test the permeability of drugs themselves (9). Nowadays, these systems display not only an alternative to animal testing in respect to ethical concerns, but are also applied as advanced models to develop new delivery strategies and to study drug delivery properties of nanoparticulate carriers or chemical delivery enhancers. Thereby, interactions with the biological barrier, specifically binding, uptake, and transport can be evaluated in a well-defined and standardized system. While oral delivery of drugs is still the commonly used and most accepted method of choice due to the... 

The most common method of drug delivery is the oral solid dosage form, of which tablets and capsules are predominant. The tablet is more widely accepted and used compared to capsules for a number of reasons, such as cost, tamper resistance, ease of handling and packaging, ease of identification, and manufacturing efficiency. Over the past several years, the issue of tamper resistance has resulted in the conversion of most over-the-counter drugs from capsules to predominantly all tablets. 

Historically, the oral route of drug administration has been the one nsed most for both conventional as well as novel drug delivery. The reasons for this preference are obvious because of the ease of administration and widespread acceptance by patients. Major limitations of oral route of drug administration are as follows ... 

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