Computational based design

Unlike most static design procedures, dynamic design requires a trial and error approach. Only in the verification of shear capacities and in the design of support connections can member proportions be directly determined. For the dynamic analysis, the needed nonlinear response properties are determined from a trial section. The analysis results then indicate the adequacy of the trial section. Experience on the part of the designer will help in reducing the number of iterations. The use of simple computer based design approaches help to reduce the time required for each analysis iteration. 

The structure of the process heat exchanger design procedure is shown in Fig. 13. The basic structure is the same whether hand or computer-based design methods are used all that is different is the replacement of the very subtle and complicated human thought process by an algorithm suited to a fast but inflexible computer. 

Butterfoss GL, Kuhlman B. Computer-based design of novel protein structures. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 2006 35 49-65. 

Han, C., Human-aided, computer-based design paradigm The automation of conceptual process design. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA (1994). 

Having established that intramolecular diene cyclozirconation can be carried out under conditions of either kinetic or thermodynamic control, and having shown that semiempirical calculations (ZINDO) can be used to predict the relative stabilities of diastereomeric zirconacycles, we next undertook the computationally based design of a diene such that cyclozirconation would be directed toward a desired diastereomer. 

The basic fluid dynamics and heat- and mass-transfer processes for multicomponent condensation are poorly understood, and the computation is difficult available design methods are both heuristic and feasible only for computer solution. The basic model was developed by Silver [42] and put in more general form by Bell and Ghaly [43]. Computer-based design methods that have been validated against experimental data are commercially available. 

Recent studies have demonstrated that the boiling process is actually a convective one, with the vapor generated on the lower tubes creating a rising and growing two-phase flow across the upper tubes. The vapor and liquid separate at the top of the bundle and the clear liquid flows downward around the sides of the bundle to complete the circuit. Computer-based design methods employ this model, and the existing database is discussed by Collier and Thome [34]. 

Vasta, P.J. and Kondraske, G.V. 2000. Human performance engineering computer based design and analysis tools. In J.D. Bronzino (Ed.), Handbook of Biomedical Engineering, 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press. 

Computer based design tools, such as computer aided draft and design (CADD) software, can provide powerful and effective means to develop piping layouts. Much of the commercially available software can improve productivity and may also assist in quality assurance, particularly with interference analyses. Some CADD software has the ability to generate 3-dimensional drawings or 2-dimensional drawings, bills of material, and databases. 

The modem approach to process modelling for process control that this book takes (which is described in Chapter 1) is to make use of simulation tools and computer-based design packages that avoid the limitations imposed by the analytical design methods, namely abstraction, linearisation and simplification, e.g. Allen [13]. 

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