Absolute bar

This paper asks why we continue to strengthen an ill-functioning institution. Let us cut back the barriers to access and reassess how medicines, new and old, can be delivered effectively. There are two pharmaceutical patent types the product patent, that is, the chemical itself and process patents, that is, the ways a medicine can be manufactured or administered. The difference between the two is that whilst the process patent only makes market entry more difficult, the product patent is an absolute bar to market entry and product competition. Simply, where there is a product patent the chemical... 

Moisture Content Vapor Pressure Absolute (bar) Rotation Speed (1 /min) Unit Product Capacity (kg/m2hr) Drying Rate (kg/m2 hr)... 

Sections 102(b), 102(c), and 102(d) represent absolute bars to a patent applicant s invention in the sense that references cited under any one of these sections cannot be... 

A key element of 102(a) prior art is that it relates to the date of the invention by the applicant. For a 102(a) reference date to effectively block the applicant s work, the 102(a) event must have occurred before the date of the invention by the applicant. Flowever, the provisions of 102(b) provide an important limit to the first-to-invent rule. The section of prior art defined in 102(b) is referred to as the absolute bar because it limits how far one can go in antedating a prior art reference to prove earlier invention in the United States. Specifically, a patent for an invention cannot be obtained in the United States if the invention was patented or described in a printed publication (or in public use or on sale in this country), more than 1 year before the date of application for patent in the United States. Thus, even if the applicant made the invention before the 102(b) event, she will be barred from being granted a patent if she does not file the patent application within 1 year of that 102(b) event. Note that 102(b) does not contain the phrase by others as in 102(a). Thus if an applicant publishes her own invention more than 1 year before filing the application for patent, she will be barred by 102(b) from being eligible to be granted a patent in the United States. Likewise, if a 102(b) event by another occurs, apatent applicant in the United States will not be able to antedate the 102(b) event. 

Section 102(c) is a little used provision but is still included in this section since a finding of abandonment under 102(c) acts as an absolute bar to a later filed patent application. Abandonment requires intent, either actual or inferred, on the part of the inventor to dedicate the invention to the public. Mere delay in the filing of a patent application, absent more, is not sufficient to impute the motive to abandon the invention onto the inventor.39... 

Figure 13.6 Hydrogen partial pressure profiles as a function of nondimensional membrane area for three different conditions H2 permeator module with feed side total pressure of 35 and 50 absolute bar and water gas shift (WGS) reactor module at 35 bar.

To Po, absolute (bar) expanded, isentropic (1) Fout, measured CO Heating power Sonic gas velocity (19.2) (m/s)... 

Absolute = 1.72 bar. Hydrocracked vacuum gas oil. Maximized ethylene product. Nonaromatic. 

Figure 16.1 shows part of a steel tank which came from a road tank vehicle. The tank consisted of a cylindrical shell about 6 m long. A hemispherical cap was welded to each end of the shell with a circumferential weld. The tank was used to transport liquid ammonia. In order to contain the liquid ammonia the pressure had to be equal to the saturation pressure (the pressure at which a mixture of liquid and vapour is in equilibrium). The saturation pressure increases rapidly with temperature at 20°C the absolute pressure is 8.57 bar at 50°C it is 20.33 bar. The gauge pressure at 50°C is 19.33 bar, or 1.9MN m . Because of this the tank had to function as a pressure vessel. The maximum operating pressure was 2.07 MN m" gauge. This allowed the tank to be used safely to 50°C, above the maximum temperature expected in even a hot climate. 

Bus bars of a transformer substation must not be directly grounded. They must be connected with rails by at least two insulated cables. Metal sheathing of feeder and return current cables must only then be connected with the rails or bus bar if an increase in anodic corrosion on other buried installations is absolutely excluded. The insulation of all return cables must therefore be monitored regularly. 

The maximum permissible variation in the differential pressure between the reaetor and regenerator was speeified by this refinery as 30 mbar. At the rated duty point, the absolute diseharge pressure from the regenerator is 3.75 bar, and the differential pressure between the reaetor and the regenerator is 300 mbar. 

The machine control system was set in accordance with the parameters determined during simulation prior to delivery to the site. Following re-routing and hook-up of the piping, the compressors were run to a maximum flow at 2.71 bar (absolute) and 480°C. The generator was disconnected from the grid and the expander tripped accordingly. 

Liquefied petroleum gas, such as commercial propane and commercial butane, and any mixtures thereof, when held at a pressure >1.4 bar absolute. 

A liquefied gas or any mixture of liquefied gases, which is flammable in air and has a boiling point <0°C (measured at 1 bar absolute), when held under refrigeration or cooling at a pressure <1.4 bar absolute. 

A substance which has a critical temperature <50°C or which at 50°C has a vapour pressure of more than 3 bar absolute and which is toxic. 

A 3,500-gal reaetor with styrene monomer undergoes adiabatie polymerization after being heated inadvertently to 70°C. The maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP) of the reaetor is 5 bar absolute. Determine the relief vent diameter required. Assume a set pressure of 4.5 bara and a maximum pressure of 5.4 bara. Other data and physieal properties are given as follows [12] ... 

The temperature of the water in the heating panel is limited by the boiling of the water. The boiling temperature of water increases with increasing pressure. If the pressure of the water is about normal atmospheric pressure, then the temperature of the water can be 90-95 °C. If we w ant to raise the temperature of water to 120 C, the absolute pressure of water must be above 2 bar. 

Typical values of y range from 1.1 to 1.67, wliich give rcm values of 1.71 to 2.05. Thus, for releases of most diatomic gases (y = 1.4) to tlie atmosphere, upstream pressures over 1.9 bar absolute will result in sonic flow. Note tliat tlie inverse of rent is occasionally used by industry. 

This same data is plotted in the chart on the following page. The mean absolute deviation and standard deviation are plotted as points with error bars, and the shaded blocks plot the largest positive and negative-magnitude errors. 

---