Ablating bodies

Historically, many possibilities have been considered. The possibility of a gas film in water was very attractive, and injection through porous and slotted skins, as well as ablating bodies were considered. Unfortunately, buoyancy is a problem, the air/water interface is extremely unstable (as is also the gas/solid interface of an ablating body), and the various instabilities increase the drag enormously. 

Norman M, McCulloch M, O Neill H, Brandon A (2004) Magnesium isotopes in the Earth, Moon, Mars, and Pallasite parent body high precision analysis of olivine by laser ablation multi-collector ICPMS. Lunar and Planetary Science Conference XXXV 1447... 

Evaluating recurrent or residual follicular cell tumors (treated previously by thyroidectomy and radioiodine ablation) when serum thyroglobulin >10 ng/ml and 2 1 whole-body scan is negative (October 2003) Detecting pretreatment metastases in newly diagnosed cervical cancer after negative conventional imaging (January 2005)... 

Same as for local corticotherapy, the goal of excision is to reduce the inflammatory reaction due to the products resulting from the alteration of the necrotic conjunctiva and involved in the detersion of the site. Thus, it limits the production of free oxygenated cytotoxic radicals. It also allows the removal of the caustic material that has stored up in these tissues. The excision must be operated as soon as the eyeball has been rinsed and potential foreign bodies ablated. It consists in the ablation of the necrotic tissues of the eyeball surface. The excision of the conjunctiva and of the subconjunctival tissue must be done up to the superior and inferior fornix when required. Only the necrotic and avascular tissues must be removed until the reach of the tissue... 

ABLATION- The removal of surface material from a body by vaporization, melting, chipping, or other erosive process specifically, the intentional removal of material from a nose cone or spacecraft during high-speed... 

For the fabrication of stacked junctions we used focused ion beam technique. This technique has been developed for fabrication of both, the short [9] down to submicron scale [10] and the long junctions with a length of several tens microns [17]. For fabrication we used conventional FIB machine of Seiko Instr. Corp., SMI 9800 (SP) with Ga+-ion beam. The four leads were attached outside the junction area. The contact Ag pads were ablated and annealed before the FIB processing to avoid diffusion of Ga-ions into the junction body. The example of a short stack fabricated by FIB technique is shown in Fig. 1. Typically we had slightly overdoped stacked Bi2Sr2CaCu2C>8+8 structures with <5 0.25. They have Tc = 77K, pc(300K) = 10-12 Ohm cm, JC(4.2K) 1 kA/cm2. 

Another key factor in the popularity of the technique is its increasingly widespread use in speciation chemistry. The current awareness of the importance of the chemical form in which an element is present in food (e.g., the oxidation state, the nature of the ligands, and the molecular structure), on its possible absorption and fate inside the body, has made elemental speciation a prominent topic of present research in the food science. If speciation critically influences the bioavailability, essentiality, or toxicity of an element, the analytical techniques that enable species discrimination and quantification gather prominence. ICP-MS has the capability for quantifying metal (metalloid)-containing species in a chromatographic or capillary electrophoresis effluent or, as recently demonstrated, in a gel spot after SDS-PAGE via electrothermal vaporization (ETV) or laser ablation (LA) [4, 5]. Hence, it has firmly established as a sensitive,... 

We shall employ a simplified analysis of the ablation problem utilizing the coordinate system and nomenclature shown in Fig. 12-18. The solid wall is exposed to a constant heat flux of (q/A)0 at the surface. This heat flux may result from combined convection- and radiation-energy transfer from the highspeed boundary layer. As a result of the high-heat flux the solid body melts, and a portion of the surface is removed at the ablation velocity V . We assume that a steady-state situation is attained so that the surface ablates at a constant... 

A variant on the shock wave model is the surface melting and ablation of small planetesimals in nebula shock waves (Genge 2000). Bodies between 1 mm and... 

Cytochrome synthesis was examined in the fat body of adult male B. discoidalis by measuring the synthesis of cytochrome hemes. Heme is synthesized from the condensation of succinate and glycine by aminolevulinic acid synthase to produce aminolevulinic acid (ALA), a specific heme precursor. A developmental pattern exists for the incorporation of [i CjALA into cytohemes of fat body mitochondria with a peak of synthesis between days 4 and 6 of adult age (60). CC ablation eliminates this peak of synthesis for cytohemes a and b CC extract injections return the synthesis of cytohemes a+b to normal levels in CC-ablated cockroaches but have no effects on the synthesis of the c-type hemes for cytochromes c and Cj, The synthesis of cytohemes a+b in response to CC extracts requires a latent period of 24-48 hr to obtain a maximum response and is dose-dependent over a range of 0.01 to 0.08 CC pair (61). The active factor in CC extracts is sensitive to chymotrypsin but not to trypsin. This "cytochromogenic hormone (CGH) is secreted on days 2-3 of adult age in males (62). Since maximal synthesis of cytohemes a+b occurs on day 4, CGH secretion on days 2-3 agrees with the earlier observation that CGH requires about 48 hr to produce its response (61). 

On the other hand, we beheve there is an emerging body of results which indicate that PLD may revolutionize the synthesis of complex inorganic thin film materials. A imique feature of PLD is that the source material is evaporated (ablated) in a nonequilibriirm process such that material is evaporated at the stoichiometry of the bulk. Hence, it is possible to prepare thin films of incongmently melting sohds that have a stoichiometry characteristic of the solid phase prior to melting. For example, PLD has been the most effective method for preparation of crystalline YBa2Cu307... 

Later analyses dealt with boundary layers in which mass addition is employed as a method of reducing the rate of heat transfer to the body, either by injection of gases or by ablation of the solid material itself. Systems involving the injection of dissociating materials, the sublimation of inert materials, surface combustion of the solid, the injection of combustible fuels, and melting and vaporization of the solid have been studied. Reviews of some of this work have been published [7]. Analyses of combustion in natural-convection boundary layers are relevant to fire problems reference to some studies of this type will be made in Section 12.4. 

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