Abies species

Interesting substances possessing juvenile hormone activity against hemipteran bug have been detected in conifers belonging to Abies species (-F)-Juvabione [methyl ester of (-F)-todomatuic acid], isolated from balsam and Japanese fir wood, may have potential use for insecticidal applications. A related compound have been isolated from Douglas fir wood. 

Formula see abieta-7,13-diene. C20H30O2, Mr 302.46. A resin acid belonging to the diterpenes, monoclinic plates, mp. 172-175 C, [alf, -102° (C2H,0H). Occurs above all in Pinus and Abies species the most important component of colophony from which it can be separated by distillation. A. is a component of the defensive secretion of the trees against insects and infections by microorganisms. The biosynthesis fiom tricyclic abieta-7,13-diene (figure see... 

Constituents of Pinaceae and Cupressaceae include 8,5,18-labdanetrioI, (-)-labda-nolic acid and (+)-6-oxocativic acid. Numerous derivatives have been found in conifers such as pine (Pinus), fir (Abies), larch (Larix) and juniper (Juniperus). Selected examples are (+)-12,15-epoxy-8(17),12,14-labdatriene (pumiloxide) from Pinus pumila, (-l-)-12,14-labdadien-8-ol (abienol) from Pinus strobus and various Abies species, (+)-ll,13-labdadien-8-ol (neoabienol) from Abies sibirica, (-)-13(16),14-labdadien-8-ol (isoabienol), (+)-8(17)-labdene-15,18-dioic acid from the needles of Pinus silvestris (Pinaceae) and 14,15-dihydroxy-8(17),13(16)-labdadien-19-oic acid fxora Juniperus communis (Cupressaceae). 

Since the classic work of Slama and Williams (27), who first demonstrated the presence of juvabione (4) in Abies balsamea, their work has been expanded to show that this keto-sesquiterpene methyl ester and its relatives are present in the heartwoods of other Abies species and in Pseudotsuga taxifolia. They may be recovered by a simple solvent extraction of groundwood pulp. They are used in forest-insect traps. 

Abies—the true firs—comprise a moderately large genus, 49 species (Mabberley, 1997, p. 1) that include some of the most important commercial species among the conifers, particularly in North America. Some of the more important North American... 

Table 36.1 Familiarity and evolutionary history with target prey species, faecal mass (mean SE), and collection details of odour sources used in camera traps. a(Strahan 1995), b(Cogger 1994), c(lones, Rose and Burnett 2001), d(Kruuk and Jarman 1995), e(Corbett 1995), /(Butler 1969 Cal-aby and Lewis 1977 Calaby and White 1967 Dawson 1982 Horton 1977), EP. Latch, personal communication, hBFP = Brisbane Forest Park, The Gap, Queensland LPKS = Lone Pine Koala Sanctuary, Fig Tree Pocket, Queensland CSIRO = CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, Crace, ACT...

Certain tree species such as Betula pendula and Picea abies fail to develop in association with heather, Calluna vulgaris (40. 1). This apparently results from the production by heather of an allelochemical toxic to growth of mycorrhizae of Betula and Picea. Fruticose soil lichens are often allelopathic to the growth of mycorrhizae and forest tree seedlings also (42). Removal of reindeer moss (a lichen) in field tests resulted in accelerated growth of pine and spruce. 

Our objective Is to examine some aspects of current plant herbivore theory using Douglas-flr (Pseudotsuga menzlesll) and western spruce budworm (Chorlstoneura occldentalls). Both plant and herbivore are widespread In western North America. Natural hosts of the budworm Include Douglas-flr, species of Abies, and, on occasion, other conifers (9). Variation In budworm density occurs on both a geographic and local scale. We have frequently observed differential defoliation In trees having overlapping crowns at sites In Montana, Idaho, and New Mexico. 

Occasional reports of alkaloids and amino acids have appeared with respect to species of Abies and Pinus, but the family is best known for its assortment of terpenoids. 

This paper is a report on preliminary studies evaluating the suitability of bark extracts from four West Coast softwood species as bonding agents for particleboard. The barks investigated include white fir (Abies concolor), ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) ... 

The resin content of wood and its composition vary considerably, depending on such factors as place of growth, age of the tree, and genetic factors. For example, the resin content of Norway spruce (P/cea abies) is considerably higher for stems grown in the northern than in the southern parts of Scandinavia. The resin content within the same stem also varies, but in a very irregular manner. In all pines, the heartwood contains much more resin than the sapwood, whereas the opposite seems to be true for P/cea species as indicated by data for Norway spruce. The heartwood extractives in both pine and spruce contain resin acids and free fatty acids as main components,... 

Poder R, Scheuer C Moserella radicicola gen. et sp. nov., a new hypogeous species of Leotiales on ectomycorrhizas of Picea abies. Mycol Res 1994 98 1334-1338. 

MOST SENSITIVE PLANTS Species of the geneta Abies, Picea, Juglans, Ribes, Trifolium, Medicago 0.06 0.05 0.25 0.22... 

The first damages outside the industrial areas were observed on Silver fir (Abies alba Mill). That species had already become extinct in the Erzgebirge in the Thirties. Forty years later the decline was obvious from Poland to France, that means all over most natural stands and artificial plantations in Europe. 

The process development unit (PDU) was fed with 2 species of wood chips a softwood (mainly spruce, Picea abies Karst.) and a hardwood (beech, Fagus sylvatica L.). The hardwood was supplied by IVD as reference fuel, that has been tested in other combustion equipment for reference. 

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