ABEL model

An example of how the EPA applied the ABEL model to reduce a gravity based penalty from 82,571,267 to 8300,000 based on ability to pay is provided in In the Matter ofMarChem Corporation ... 

Marcus Abele, Modeling and assessment of highly reliable energy and vehicle electric system architecture for safety relevant consumers in vehicles, 2008. 

The key term is which is the bond order between the atoms i and j. This parameter depends upon the number of bonds to the atom i the strength of the bond between i and j decreases as the number of bonds fo fhe atom i increases. The original bond-order potential [Abell 1985] is mathematically equivalent to the Finnis-Sinclair model if the bond order by is given by ... 

Trevors, J. T. and Abel, D. L. (2006) Self-organization vs. self-ordering events in life-origin models. Phys. Life Rev., 3, 211-228. 

In the near future, the expansion of the covalent-bonding formalisms developed to model silicon to other systems appears promising. Very recently the extension of the Abell-Tersoff covalent-bonding formalism to few-body reactive systems has been demonstrated by the development of an accurate potential energy expression for In the determination of an analytic... 

The French physician, Jacques Joseph Moreau, remains the most-cited connection between cannabis and the art community. Moreau first used hashish while traveling through the Middle East in the 1830s. He assumed that cannabis-induced sensations might model the hallucinations and delusions common in psychotic individuals. He had hoped that this research might help the treatment of the mentally ill. The outspoken hedonist and popular novelist, Theophile Gautier assisted Moreau in this research. He not only participated himself, but he also recruited other members of Frances artistic community. This group of hedonists and experimenters met monthly in an old mansion in Paris which was known at the time as the Club Des Hachichins (Hashish Club). For historical reviews on cannabis, see Abel and Mechoulam. ... 

Table 2 Comparison of Cholesterol Reference Method Laborato- tute, NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology (US ry Network (CRMLN) traceability model to the International Or- NMI), IDMS isotope dilution mass spectrometry, ACL accredited ganization for Standardization (ISO) model. BIPM International calibration laboratory, AK Abell-Kendall Bureau of Weights and Measures, NMI National Metrology Insti-...

In the early 1990s, Brenner and coworkers [163] developed interaction potentials for model explosives that include realistic chemical reaction steps (i.e., endothermic bond rupture and exothermic product formation) and many-body effects. This potential, called the Reactive Empirical Bond Order (REBO) potential, has been used in molecular dynamics simulations by numerous groups to explore atomic-level details of self-sustained reaction waves propagating through a crystal [163-171], The potential is based on ideas first proposed by Abell [172] and implemented for covalent solids by Tersoff [173]. It introduces many-body effects through modification of the pair-additive attractive term by an empirical bond-order function whose value is dependent on the local atomic environment. The form that has been used in the detonation simulations assumes that the total energy of a system of N atoms is ... 

S. Abele, P. Seiler, D. Seebach, Synthesis, Crystal Structures, and Modelling of P-Oligopeptides Consisting of l-(Aminomethyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic Acid Ribbon-Type Arrangement of Eight-Membered H-Bonded Rings , Helv. Chim. Acta 1999, 82, 1559 - 1571. 

E.D. Abel, Insulin signaling in heart muscle lessons from genetically engineered mouse models, Curr. Hypertens. Rep. 6,416-423 (2004). 

Schreiber T, Gassmann K, Gotz C, Hiibenthal U, Moors M, Krause G, Merk HF, Nguyen NH, Scanlan TS, Abel J, Rose CR, Fritsche E (2010) Polybrominated diphenyl ethers induce developmental neurotoxicity in a human in vitro model evidence for endocrine disruption. Environ Health Perspect 118(4) 572-578... 

Abel, O., Helbig, A., Marquardt, W. Optimization approaches to control integrated design of industrial batch reactors. In Berber, R., Kravaris, C. (eds.) Nonlinear model based process control. NATO-ASI Series, pp. 513-551. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1998)... 

For the lattice thermal conductivity, the model due to Steigmeier and Abels is adopted, here [3]. The lattice thermal conductivity is given by... 

McGee SL, Abel H, Hauswirth W, Flannery J. Glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor delays photoreceptor degeneration in a transgenic rat model of retinitis pigmentosa. Mol Ther 2001 4 622-629. 

Casanova JL, Abel L 2002 Genetic dissection of immunity to mycobacteria the human model. Annu Rev Immunol 20 581—620... 

Casanova JL, Abel L 2004b The human model a genetic dissection of immunity to infection in natural conditions. Nat Rev Immunol 4 55—66 Casanova JL, Abel L 2005 Inborn errors of immunity to infection the rule rather than the exception. Exp Med 202 197—201... 

Bellamy R, Ruwende C, Corrah T et al 1998 Variations in the NRAMPl gene and susceptibility to tuberculosis in West Africans. N Engl J Med 338 640—604 Bellamy R, Beyers N, McAdam KP et al 2000 Genetic susceptibihty to tuberculosis in Africans a genome-wide scan. Proc Nad Acad Sci USA 97 8005—8009 Casanova JL, Abel L 2002 Genetic dissection of immunity to mycobacteria the human model. Annu Rev Immunol 20 581—620... 

One difficulty with a method requiring three or more experimental variables is that the very large number of possible combinations of the values of these variables often makes it impractical to collect data at all of the combinations. Of the many possible combinations of wavelengths and other experimental variables, where should one actually make measurements One logical choice is to collect data so as to minimize the product of the confidence intervals of all of the individual parameters, adjusting for correlation between parameters. Such designs are known as D-optimal. Abel examined Z)-optimal designs for PARAFAC models and has shown that often data collection can be omitted for many combinations of the independent variables with little increase in the product of the confidence intervals. 

Fig. 12. Resistivity in the plane of layers, p, as a function of number of periods M in a-Si H/a-SiN H superlattice for diflFerent a-Si H layer spacing i The full curves were computed from Eq. (7) for the energy-band model given in Fig. 13. Experimental L, (A) = 1200 (V), 400 (O), 160 ( ), 80 (O), 40 (A). [From Tiedje and Abeles (1984).]...

If a company cannot pay the adjusted gravity based penalty and remain in business, the penalty may be reduced to keep the company viable. The EPA puts financial information from the company into a model called ABEL to determine the appropriate penalty in these situations. There are analogous models called INDIPAY and MUNIPAY for assessing individuals and municipalities ability to pay. ... 

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