Abbreviations defining

Diagnosing depression is not a simple matter. Everyone experiences sadness once in a while, and in certain situations, such as the loss of a loved one, it is expected. The American Psychiatric Association, a group of professional psychiatrists, publishes the Diagnostic and Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders, a manual that outlines the criteria for diagnosing psychiatric disorders. This widely followed manual is periodically updated, and it is currently in its fourth edition. DSM-IV, as it is often abbreviated, defines a major depressive episode to be when the patient shows a depressed mood or the absence of pleasure for a certain period of time, as well as exhibiting some other symptoms such as loss of sleep, appetite, or recurrent thoughts of suicide. Depression is one of the most common disorders, with millions of cases diagnosed every year in the United States alone. 

Experimental Parameters (Some abbreviations defined in other columns are also employed in this column.)... 

Are standard names, colors, units, symbols, and abbreviations defined ... 

Solute permeability is also a function of membrane composition. The rate of permeation of doxorubicin measured through artificial lipid bilayers composed of cholesterol, PC, PS, PE, and SM (abbreviations defined in Table 5.1) changes substantially with composition (Figure 5.7). This is an important finding, since cells have distinct membrane compositions. In addition, the composition of the individual leaflets of a membrane can vary (Table 5.1), suggesting the possibility of asymmetric passive transport (i.e., permeabilities that differ depending on the direction of transport, out-to-in or in-to-out). 

The assessment is performed with the help of symbols and abbreviations defined in Table 3-6. 

Figure 6 Oxidative stability of oils, (a) Isothermal test experiment, (b) Determination of the activation energy of the induction reaction abbreviations defined in the text)...

Quantity Quantity symbol Unit name Unit abbreviation Defined standard... 

All permeability data are in units of barrers and were performed at 35°C. The structures are shown and abbreviations defined in Fig. 3.T6. 

Fig. 17. Derailment products of 6-MSA synthetase. Abbreviations defined in text modified after Scott et a/. (1971) and Dimroth et al. (1976).

However, a body of thermodynamic treatment has been developed on the basis that the adsorbent is inert and with attention focused entirely on the adsorbate. The abbreviated presentation given here is based on that of Hill (see Refs. 65 and 113) and of Everett [114]. First, we have the defining relationships ... 

The consistency condition for this set of equations to possess a (unique) solution is that the field intensity tensor defined in Eq. (99) is zero [72], which is also known as the curl condition and is written in an abbreviated form as... 

ChemSketch has some special-purpose building functions. The peptide builder creates a line structure from the protein sequence defined with the typical three-letter abbreviations. The carbohydrate builder creates a structure from a text string description of the molecule. The nucleic acid builder creates a structure from the typical one-letter abbreviations. There is a function to clean up the shape of the structure (i.e., make bond lengths equivalent). There is also a three-dimensional optimization routine, which uses a proprietary modification of the CHARMM force field. It is possible to set the molecule line drawing mode to obey the conventions of several different publishers. 

Titles of periodicals are defined as in the Chemical Abstracts Service Source Index (CASSI), except that full stops have been omitted after each abbreviated word. Abbreviations of words in the texts of Chapters 4, 5 and 6 are those in common use and are self evident, e.g. distn, filtd, cone and vac are used for distillation, filtered, concentrated and vacuum. 

Abbreviations of titles of periodicals are defined as in the Chemical Abstracts Service Source Index (CASSI). Other abbreviations are self evident (see Chapter 1, p. 30). 

Threshold lamit Value - The term refers to toxicity by inhalation. The abbreviation used is TLV. The TLV is usually expressed in units of parts per million (ppm) - i.e., the parts of vapor (gas) per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 °C (77°F) and atmospheric pressure. For chemicals that form a fine mist or dust, the concentration is given in milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m ). The TLV is defined as the concentration of the chemical in air that can be breathed for five consecutive eight-hour workdays (i.e., 40 hours per week) by most people without suffering adverse health effiects. This is the definition given by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. 

Flanumbility limits (or explosion limits) for a flammable gas define tlie concentration range of a gas-air ini. ture witliin wliich an ignition source can start a self-propagating reaction. Tlie minimmn and maximmn fuel concentrations in air tliat will produce a self-sustaining reaction mider given conditions are called tlie lower Jlammability limit (LFL) and tlie upper Jlammability limit (UFL). (The abbreviations LEL and UEL, for lower and upper explosivity limits, are sometimes used.) The flanunability limits are functions of... 

We can also mark the rest of the molecule s boundary by finding all of the other points where the molecule s electron density has the same critical value. When all of these boundary points are joined together they form a surface that looks like the molecule s outer skin , and we can use the volume inside this surface to define molecular size. This approach is used throughout this book, but to simplify things we will abbreviate outer skin electron density surface to just electron density surface . 

Note that the standard state has simply to be defined there is no a priori reason why it should have any particular value, save for the fact that it might as well be a convenient value. A pressure of 1 atmosphere is commonly adopted. We can thus abbreviate the equation to... 

Multiplying the wavelength of a wave in meters (m) by its frequency in reciprocal seconds (s-1) gives the speed of the wave in meters per second (m/s). The rate of travel of all electromagnetic radiation in a vacuum is a constant value, commonly called the "speed of light and abbreviated c. Its numerical value is defined as exactly 2.997 924 58 x 108 m/s, usually rounded off to 3.00 X 108 m/s. 

This thiol-disulfide interconversion is a key part of numerous biological processes. WeTJ see in Chapter 26, for instance, that disulfide formation is involved in defining the structure and three-dimensional conformations of proteins, where disulfide "bridges" often form cross-links between q steine amino acid units in the protein chains. Disulfide formation is also involved in the process by which cells protect themselves from oxidative degradation. A cellular component called glutathione removes potentially harmful oxidants and is itself oxidized to glutathione disulfide in the process. Reduction back to the thiol requires the coenzyme flavin adenine dinucleotide (reduced), abbreviated FADH2. 

Pressure is defined as force per unit area. You are probably familiar with the English unit pounds per square inch, often abbreviated psL When we say that a gas exerts a pressure of 15 psi, we mean that the pressure on the walls of the gas container is 15 pounds (of force) per square inch of wall area. 

In Figure 1 dashed squares refer to water bodies, while solid squares refer to solid matter (also containing some water). Plutonium may appear in any of these squares. The ratio of the concentration of plutonium in two adjacent squares is usually referred to as the concentration factor (CF usually from the water to the solid substance), the transfer coefficient (TC usually between two biological species), or the sorption ratio (or between minerals and water). To avoid ambiguity, we shall use the expression distribution coefficient (abbreviated Kd) with unit dimension (Pu amount per kg product divided by Pu amount per kg source). For the transfer of plutonium from A to B, Pu(A) ->- Pu(B), we define... 

All abbreviations used in this chapter are defined at the end of the text, before the references. 

Chemists report numbers of atoms, ions, and molecules in terms of a unit called a mole. A mole is the analog of the wholesaler s dozen. A dozen could be defined as the number of soda cans in a twelve pack carton supplied by a wholesaler. Even if you could not open the carton to count the number of cans inside, you could find out how many cans are in a dozen by weighing the carton and dividing the mass of the carton by the mass of one can. A similar approach is used to define a mole (abbreviated mol) ... 

For a eompilation of symbols in eleetroehemistry see [74Par], symbols, abbreviations and aeronyms used only infrequently are defined at their plaee of use or in an assoeiated footnote. 

When we consider the mechanical properties of polymeric materials, and in particular when we design methods of testing them, the parameters most generally considered are stress, strain, and Young s modulus. Stress is defined as the force applied per unit cross sectional area, and has the basic dimensions of N m in SI units. These units are alternatively combined into the derived unit of Pascals (abbreviated Pa). In practice they are extremely small, so that real materials need to be tested with a very large number of Pa... 

A nomenclature was proposed by Seebach for the description of / -amino acids according to their substitution pattern, and for naming the resulting / -peptides [66, 67]. Enantiomerically pure / -amino acid derivatives with substituents in the 2-or 3-position are thus defined as - and / -amino acids, respectively (abbreviated to H-/ -HXaa-OH and H-/ -HXaa-OH). The corresponding /S-peptides built from these monomers will be named ff - and / -peptides. Similarly, /S -peptides consist of / -amino acid residues with substituents in both the 2- and 3-positions. Finally, peptides built from geminally disubsituted amino acids are referred to as and / -peptides (Fig. 2.6). 

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