Sorption ratios

In Figure 1 dashed squares refer to water bodies, while solid squares refer to solid matter (also containing some water). Plutonium may appear in any of these squares. The ratio of the concentration of plutonium in two adjacent squares is usually referred to as the concentration factor (CF usually from the water to the solid substance), the transfer coefficient (TC usually between two biological species), or the sorption ratio (or between minerals and water). To avoid ambiguity, we shall use the expression distribution coefficient (abbreviated Kd) with unit dimension (Pu amount per kg product divided by Pu amount per kg source). For the transfer of plutonium from A to B, Pu(A) ->- Pu(B), we define... 

Seme and Muller (1987) describe attempts to hnd statistical empirical relations between experimental variables and the measured sorption ratios (R(js). Mucciardi and Orr (1977) and Mucciardi (1978) used linear (polynomial regression of first-order independent variables) and nonlinear (multinomial quadratic functions of paired independent variables, termed the Adaptive Learning Network) techniques to examine effects of several variables on sorption coefficients. The dependent variables considered included cation-exchange capacity (CEC) and surface area (S A) of the solid substrate, solution variables (Na, Ca, Cl, HCO3), time, pH, and Eh. Techniques such as these allow modelers to constmct a narrow probability density function for K s. 

Figure 26 Effect of the HCl concentration on the sorption ratio E of Pd(II) with impregnated resins containing TOA. (From Ref. 106.)...

Laboratory studies have shown that mineral spirits are sorbed by fresh snow with a mean sorption ratio of 1.5 g mineral spirits/g snow. This would indicate that if a spill occurred on a snow- covered site, not only would sorption to soil be decreased if the ground were frozen, but drainage from the site would be decreased due to snow sorption (Martel and Nadeau 1994). When the snow melted, the solvent would be expected to be transported in the same way as the melted snow. 

Moisture Regain. The advantage of this method is that water vc r normally does not penetrate well-defined crystallites of cellulose (26). Thus the amount of moisture adsorbed a sample after conditioning at a i >ecific relative ve r pressure and tenf)erature can be used to estimate its accessibility and degree of order. In one method using water sorption (27), the fraction of amorf ous material (F ) has been calculated from the sorption ratio (SR) of the sanple using the equation... 

So far, we have only spoken of the ideal black body, with an ab.sorption ratio of f = 1. Real bodies have an absorption ratio of e < 1, whereby e is al.so dependent on the wavelength. Following Kirchhoffs Law, the radiant emittance of a real body is M = f.V/s. in which A/s is the radiant exitance of a black body at the same temperature. 

Now the existence of a sorption ratio which is constant throughout a large range of rel. vapour pressures, suggests that the nature of the structural component responsible for the sorption is the same in all preparations, its quantity, however, varying... 

On the other hand, the differential heat of sorption of dry cellulose (i. e., the heat evolved if 1 g water is sorbed by an infinite quantity of cellulose) should be equal for all specimen. It is actually borne out by experiments that the integral heat of sorption and the sorption ratio of various specimen are nearly proportional to each other, but that the differential heat of sorption of native and regenerated cellulose is equal The experimental data further reveal that the percentage of crystalline matter is greatest in native fibres and markedly lower in regenerated ones. In the latter, it shows but very small variations and seems to be constant in first approximation. 

When in catalysis with functionaKzed molecules unfavorable sorption ratios in the intracrystalline space occur, significant reduction of turnovers is encountered [86]. Therefore, zeolite-catalyzed conversion of reactants with strongly different polarity, remains a challenge [86], though this phenomenon is less of a problem in the gas phase [87]. A number of observations in oxidations with H2O2 over TS-1 have been rationalized in this way [88]. Benign effects on Friedel-Crafts reactions by zeolites in supercritical CO2 [89] are not unexpected as its density is between that of liquid and vapor phase. 

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