AAA rating

Furthermore, only corporations with head offices located in AAA rated countries were selected so that potential country risks do not interfere with corporate risks. 

Exhibit 29.2 depicts the similarity of credit assessments of the industrial model and rating agencies. Here, a value of 24 on the abscissa corresponds with an AAA rating. The lower the value on the abscissa, the poorer the credit rating. The lowest value of 1 symbolizes a rating of D. 

The senior tranches of a synthetic CDO, however, may be delinked from the bank s rating by using AAA-rated collateral and default swaps, as described above. The final rating is influenced by the credit rating of the default-swap provider and the extent to which the cash flows to investors are exposed to the risk of default by the asset pool. 

The liquidity of most of these assets was overestimated. As a consequence, investors believed that AAA-rated securitized paper would have the same liquidity as plain vanilla AAA-rated paper and could therefore be easily funded by highly liquid commercial paper. A huge carry trade of long-dated assets funded by short-term liabilities was built up, and once the first losses in the subprime market started to make an impact, SPVs had to start unwinding the paper. Fund managers realized that there was a liquidity premium linked to their paper that they had not taken into account. 

As with any type of insurance, you should know the financial health of the insurance company that is insuring the bond you are buying. Insurance companies are evaluated by the rating agencies,- the most well-known and accepted insurance companies enjoy an AAA rating. These private companies insure most of the bonds in the insured municipal market. These industry leaders include ... 

From Table 3, it can be seen that the reactivity of acyl acetanilide, such as BAA or AAA, is higher than that of the other reductant reported from our laboratory, i.e., acetanilide (AA), N-acetyl-p-methylaniline (p-APT), acetylacetone (AcAc), and ethyl acetoacetate (EAcAc). Moreover, the promoting activities of derivatives of acetoacetanilide were affected by the ortho substituent in benzene ring, and the relative rate of polymerization Rr) decreased with the increase of the bulky ortho substituent to the redox reaction between Ce(IV) ion and substituted acetoacetanilide. 

Figure 1. Photolysis rates of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins in methanol under ultraviolet light 2J-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (III) (5 mg/liter), 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodiben-zo-p-dioxin (I) (5 mg/liter), 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (IV) (2.2 mg/ liter) (20), 1971 by AAAS...

Figure 3. Photolysis rate of 2,3,7,8-tetra-chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (5 mg/liter in methanol) in sunlight (20), 1971 by AAAS...

A monodentate palladium(II) complex trans-[Pd(py)2(H202)]2+ hydrolyzes Met-Aa amide bonds with a rate comparable with that promoted by [Pd(H20)3(0H)]+. Unlike Pd(H20)3(0H)]+, //chelated complex containing temed (A,A,AAA -tctramcthylcthylenediamine) hydrolyzes Met-Aa amide bonds with hydrolytic rate controlled by temed release. The action of the other two complexes, c -[Pd(ED-TA)C12] (EDTA = ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid) and cis-1,2-bis(2-formylglycinebenzene-sulfenyl)ethane Pd11 chloride differs from the action of similar complexes of U,v-[Pd(en)Cl2] and cw-[Pd(dtco-3-OH)Cl2] (dtco-3-OH = l,5-dithiacycooctan-3-ol).448... 

Also, Higuchi and Senju [7] have proposed that the overall rate constant is composed of three distinct rate constants corresponding to the hydrolysis of the three possible triad configurations, AAA, AAB, and BAB, and have found that the relative reactivity is 1 0.25 0.005. Thus, the overall rate is determined by the relative proportions of these configurations and a relative composite rate constant K can be derived as follows ... 

An enormous variety of ligands have been applied to AAA, too many to mention. We will mention only two more groups of ligands, bisoxazolines and PHOX ligands. Bisoxazolines have been studied and reviewed by Pfaltz [8], They are also C2 symmetric bidentate ligands (Fig. 13.13) and the R-group can be easily varied to search for optimal rates and ee s. 

UPS became a public company in 1999, going public in the largest IPO in the history of the New York Stock Exchange. Today, about half of UPS stock is owned by its current and former employees and their families. UPS has a market capitalization of 46 billion and is one of only seven public companies with an AAA credit rating from both S P and Moodys. 

The endovascular procedure is most frequently used to treat infrarenal AAAs that are a leading cause of death in the older population, As our population ages, we will encounter AAAs more frequently than ever before. An aneurysm is defined by a size greater than 5 cm or 2.5 times the normal diameter of the native artery. Most aneurysms begin below the renal arteries and end close to the iliac bifurcation. More complicated AAAs exist involving the suprarenal aorta and visceral vessels and extending into the iliac arteries. The prevalence of AAAs is 3% to 10% for patients older than 50 years (I). They occur more frequently in men and reach a peak incidence close to the age of 80 years. AAA rupture is associated with an 80% to 90% mortality rate and therefore the focus of AAA treatment is on intervening before the aneurysm ruptures elective repair has mortality rate of less than 5%. 

The Dream trial examined outcomes two years following open or endovascular repair of AAAs (42). The cumulative survival rates for the two groups were similar 89.6% (open), 89.7% (endovascular). There was no significant difference in aneurysm related mortality. The study concluded that the early advantage of EVAR is no longer present after one year following intervention. 

The liver plays a central role in the synthesis of nearly all circulating proteins. Plasma contains 60-80 g/L of protein and this is turned over at a rate of approximately 250 g/day. A variety of proteins are constructed in the liver using amino acids (Aa) as their basic building blocks. Amino acids are categorised as essential and non-essential , the former being a requirement of dietary intake as they cannot be constructed in vivo, whereas the latter can be synthesised hepatically. The essential amino acids are further categorised as branched-chain amino acids (BCAA leucine, valine, isoleucine) or aromatic amino acids (AAA phenylalanine, tyrosine, methionine) according to their structure. Table... 

We now turn from DNA replication to DNA mutations and repair. Several types of mutations are known (1) the substitution of one base pair for another, (2) the deletion of one or more base pairs, and (3) the insertion of one or more base pairs. The spontaneous mutation rate of T4 phage is about 10 per base per replication. E. coli aaA Drosophila melanogaster have much lower mutation rates, of the order of lO" . 

Fig. 4. Hemodynamic effects of nonselective a2-agonist infusion in WT and a2A-D79N mice. (A) Infusion of nonselective a2-agonist dexmedetomidine (Dex) in unrestrained, conscious, WT (open triangle) mice produced a biphasic blood pressure response. (B) Dexmedetomidine failed to reduce blood pressure in a2A-D79N overexpressing mice (closed circle) and administration of a2-agonist caused a marked decrease in heart rate in both groups of mice, but the maximal bradycardic response to dexmedetomidine was significantly reduced in mice overexpressing a2A-D79N compared to WT. (Reprinted with permission from ref. 51. 1996 AAAS.)...

For example, at any point in time, the interest rate on securities rated Aaa (the highest rating) by Moody s will be less than the interest rate needed to attract investors on securities rated Baa by Moody s. This difference is illustrated by the following chart ... 

K+, aaA, K+ but very slow, of the di-adduct, K+, AaaA, K+. The kinetic data led to the following rate of the mono-adduct decomposition,... 

To circumvent this problem, and to permit estimation of a values for substrates such as 1-AdCl, we have developed the method of double differences or MODD. This approach is based on the observation that the differences in bH2 and tt values for the two pairs of solvents ethanol-methanol and TFE-HFIP are quite similar and that the differences between the differences for the pairs (i.e., the double differences) are therefore quite small A tt tfe hfip = 0.06, A<7r EtOH MeOH = 0.08, AAtt = -0.02, AA8//100 = -0.05, AAa = 0.55, and AAp = -0.15. If the dipolarity-polarizability and cavity terms are assumed to be negligible, then the rate difference for these pairs can be reduced to... 

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