A in vivo

FIGURE 9.13 Cardiovascular responses to the PDE inhibitor fenoximone in different contexts, (a) In vivo effects of fenoximone in anesthetized dogs. Ordinates reflect positive inotropy. Redrawn from [47]. (b) In vitro effects of fenoximone in guinea pig untreated isolated left atria (filled circles) and atria in the presence of sub threshold P-adrenoceptor stimulation with prenalterol (open circles). Redrawn from [48]. 

In summary our studies with mono- and multilayer LB films of chlorophyll a present strong evidence for the dimeric nature of chlorophyll a in vivo. The model presented... 

Debes GF, Hopken UE, Hamann A. In vivo differentiated cytokine-producing CD4(+) T cells express functional CCR7. J Immunol 2002 168 5441-5447. 

Movsowitz, C., Epstein, S., Fallon, M., Ismail, F. and Thomas, S. (1988) Cyclosporin-A in vivo produces severe osteopenia in the rat - effect of dose and duration of administration. Endocrinology 123, 2571-2577. 

Stanley, J. A. In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy and its application to neuropsychiatric disorders. Can. J. Psychiat. 47 315-326,2002. 

Heo, Y., Lee, W.T. and Lawrence, D.A., In vivo the environmental pollutants lead and mercury induce oligoclonal T cell responses skewed toward type-2 reactivities, Cell. Immunol. 179, 185, 1997. 

Recently, Tam et al. (T3) reported an interaction between plasminogen receptors on Hep G2 cells and free recombinant apo(a), possibly indicating a significant route of clearance for free apo(a) in vivo. 

Bachmair, a., Finley, D. and Varshavsky, A. In vivo half-life of a protein is a function of its amino-terminal residue. Science, 1986, 234, 179-186. 

Three TNF antagonists are currently approved for the treatment of RA etaner-cept (ETN), infliximab (INF), and adalimumab. ETN a fusion protein of two identical chains of the recombinant human TNF receptor, p75, fused with the Fc portion of human immunoglobulin (Ig) G1 binds to soluble TNF-a in vivo. INF and adalimumab are both monoclonal antibodies to TNF-a INF is chimeric, and adalimumab is fully humanized. Both bind to soluble TNF-a, preventing TNF-a from binding to its receptors on cell surfaces. INF can also bind transmembrane TNF-a, fix complement, and cause cell lysis. 

Endoperoxide analogue Number of synthetic steps/Non-racemic (NR), Achiral (A) or Racemic (R) Method of O2 incorporation In Vitro IC50 (nM)a/In vivo ED50 (oral) (mg kg- ) Metabolism/Toxicity studies References... 

Prout, R. E. S., Odutuga, A. A. In vivo incorporation of [l-14C]-]jnoleic acid into the lipids of enamel and dentin of normal and essential fatty acid deficient rats. Arch, oral Biol. 19, 1167 (1974)... 

Hollt, V. and Herz, A. In vivo receptor occupation by opiates and correlation to the pharmacological effect, Fed. Proc. 1978, 37, 158-161. 

Fig. 13.1. Raman spectroscopy for cancer diagnosis - a multipronged approach (a) in vivo endoscopy, (b) advanced pathology (unstained molecular imaging) and (c) deep probing...

Wiechert, W., de Graaf, A.A. In Vivo Stationary Flux Analysis by l3C-Labeling Experiments. Vol. 54, p. 109... 

Bortolozzi A, Amaigos-Bosch M, Toth M, Artigas F, Adell A. In vivo efflux of serotonin in the dorsal raphe nucleus of 5-HT1A receptor knockout mice. J Neu-rochem 2004 88 1373-1379. 

Ohman, H. and Vahlquist, A., In vivo studies concerning a pH gradient in human stratum corneum and upper epidermis, Acta Derm. Venereol. (Stockh.), 74, 375, 1994. 

Foger, F., Schmitz, T., and Bernkop-Schnurch, A. In vivo evaluation of an oral delivery system for P-gp substrates based on thiolated chitosan. Biomaterials 2006 27, 23, 4250-4255. 

Fig. 6 Disease severity in CF patients is determined by the amount of mutant CFTR activity. A In vivo data were pooled from multiple published studies using NPD techniques to measure CFTR-mediated Cl- secretion in subjects with pancreatic insufficiency (PI), pancreatic sufficiency (PS), or congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens (CBAVD) and obligate heterozygotes (carriers). CFTR-mediated Cl- secretion in each study was normalized to the non-CF control subject and expressed as % wild-type (wt)-CFTR. B The severity of lung disease in each group was determined from the longitudinal decline in FEVi and classified as severe (red 3%/year), mild (yellow l%/year), or no (green) lung disease...

The cow has a remarkable capability to extract biological components from its feed and transfer them to its milk. The best-known example is (3-carotene from pasture, a portion of which is converted to vitamin A in vivo, so that milk fat contains both these anti-cancer compounds. Vitamin E can also be obtained from the cow s feed. Cows fed cottonseed meal transfer the polyphenol, gossypol, to milk, and alfalfa or lucerne provides (3-ionone. Both gossypol and (3-ionone, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, are demonstrated anti-cancer agents (Parodi, 2004). 

The values of A,max for Chi a in vivo result from interactions between a chlorophyll molecule and the surrounding molecules, such as the proteins and the lipids in the chloroplast lamellar membranes (Fig. 1-10) as well as adjacent water molecules. Indeed, all Chi a molecules are associated with proteins in chlorophyll-protein complexes. Hydrophobic interactions among... 

B. Can either or both molecules readily pass their excitation on to Chi a in vivo ... 

Simeonova and Luster 1995). Reduction of TNF-a in vivo results in a protection from asbestos-induced fibrotic changes (Brass et al. 1999 Liu et al. 1998). Some of the asbestos-induced inflammatory reactions may be related to fiber type. For example, crocidolite, but not chrysotile, induced increased production of TNF-a and interleukin 1(3 in cultured rat alveolar macrophages exposed for up to 14 days, whereas chrysotile, but not crocidolite, increased production of superoxide anion and nitric oxide radicals (Mongan et al. 2000). 

Pappata S, Salvatore E, Postiglione A. In vivo imaging of neurotransmission and brain receptors in dementia. J. Neuroimaging. 2008 18 111-124. 

Bortolozzi A, Amargos-Bosch M, Toth M, Artigas F, Adell A. In vivo efflux of serotonin in the dorsal raphe nucleus of 5-HTlA receptor knockout mice. J. Neurochem. 2004 88 1373-1379. Gross C, Zhuang X, Stark K, Ramboz S, Oosting R, Kirby L, Santarelli L, Beck S, Hen R. SerotoninlA receptor acts during development to establish normal anxiety-like behaviour in the adult. Nature 2002 416 396-400. 

At the time of this writing, the debate on UV-A protection methodology is still ongoing. In view of the lack of an official UV-A (in vivo) method, some manufacturers have tried to substitute photostability measurements. Various protocols have been used, none of which has been validated nor even generally accepted. 

Lominadze, D., Joshua, I. G. and Schuschke, D. A In vivo platelet thrombus fermation in microvessels... 

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