A few definitions

In the Dictionary of Ceramic Science and Engineering [OBA 84], we find a rather restrictive definition of ceramics Any inorganic and non-metallic product prepared by treatment at temperatures higher than 540°C (1,000°F) or used under conditions implying these temperatures, which includes metallic oxides and borides, carbides, nitrides and mixtures of these compounds . 

We will see that kaolinite Al2(Si205)(0H)4 - which is the main mineral of clays, hence the name kaolin given to some clays rich in kaolinite - undergoes irreversible reactions that transform it into metakaolinite when it is fired above approximately 500°C, which could justify the temperamre of 540°C selected in the definition used to make the distinction between dried earth and terra cotta. 

In the Concise Encyclopedia of Advanced Ceramic Materials [BRO 91], which presents the common viewpoint held in Europe, we can distinguish materials and processes  

Defining a ceramic compound as a non-metallic inorganic compound is a paradoxical choice, because it supposes that the concept of metal is sufficiently unambiguous to serve as basis for clarifying its antoityiir However, confusions are frequent here, and are aggravated by the fact that ceramic compounds are metallic-non-metallic compounds, which we shall now study in detail. 

Metallic elements form a majority among the elements of the periodic table. We know that these elements are located on the left of this table, and are therefore electropositive elements - which tend to lose electrons to yield positively charged cations. Non-metallic elements, sometimes denoted by their old name metalloids, are located on the right of the table they are electronegative and tend to capture electrons. The ionic bond is illustrated by the attractions that develop between a metal, sodiiun, and a non-metal, chlorine, to create sodiinn chloride NaCl - also written as Na+Cl . 

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First, a few definitions a system is any region of space, any amount of material for which the boundaries are clearly specified. At least for thennodynamic purposes it must be of macroscopic size and have a topological integrity. It may not be only part of the matter in a given region, e.g. all the sucrose in an aqueous solution. A system could consist of two non-contiguous parts, but such a specification would rarely be usefLil. 

As in any new field, new structures demand novel names. As the variety of structures has increased, the names have kept pace. Although some may be dismayed by this, the different names connote not only different structural types or functional groups, but conceptual differences among the various classes as well. In order to introduce the novitiate and perljaps remind the journeyman, we provide a few definitions and explanations herewith. 

We introduce first a few definitions. The diagonal fragment F00(2) is the sum of all irreducible transitions leading from the state 0> to the same final state by irreducible, we mean that all intermediate states have non-vanishing wave numbers... 

In discussing gas phase separations, a few definitions will help in understanding the subject matter. Adsorbents, sometimes referred to here as sorbents, are solid chemical substances that possess micro-porous surfaces that can admit molecules to the interior surface of the structure. Zeolites in particular are solid, micro-porous, alumino-silicates with adsorption and or ion exchange capability. They affect separations by adsorbing molecules into their micro-structures. 

A few definitive experiments are needed to complete our knowledge of acute dose-response relationships for ozone. Research is necessary in the case of PAN and other oxidants. More important is the need for studies of crop and native species over growing seasons with chronic oxidant exposures. At the same time, additional work with field chambers, filtered or nonfiltered, is needed. 

A few definitive experimental designs are needed to further our knowledge of acute dose-response information on ozone. Much of this... 

After these preliminary considerations, we can look at a few definitions of life given in the literature. For a taste of them, the reader may refer to those mentioned in the monographs by Folsome (1979), Chyba and McDonald (1995), or in a book edited by the late Martino Rizzotti (Rizzotti, 1996 Popa, 2004). 

Quality may appear to be a nebulous term. We know what quality is when we see it, but the definition is often subjective. In fact, there are quite a few definitions of quality. For example, Webster s Dictionary defines quality as a degree of excellence (Merriam-Webster, 2003). While this definition provides a framework for quality in general, it is also helpful to examine the definitions of quality specific to health care. 

Our overall plan in this paper is this. Initially, we shall set down a few definitions, and a point of view. We shall then describe a number of principles or causes of stereoselection associated with bonding, steric, thermodynamic, electrical, mechanical, etc., factors, inherent in the stereoprocess. The relation between the properties of intermediates, e.g. carbanion or syn-anti isomers, etc., rate and equilibrium conditions and stereoselectivity will be dealt with. Throughout, we shall examine representative systems and reactions to see how relevant the principles of stereoselection are. No attempt will be made to venture into several important areas, e.g. enzyme stereospecificity, stereoregular polymers, etc. 

Even when it comes to those I can name, it s hard to single out anyone in particular I feel as though I should cite every one of the 175 or so people I interviewed, because almost every one was so incredibly helpful. But a few definitely need to be mentioned. 

The fantastic stmctural diversity of the natural brominated tyrosines has led to equally ingenious biosynthesis proposals, but only a few definitive labeling studies have been described. The early study by Tymiak and Rinehart on the biosynthesis of dibromotyrosine metabolites by the sponge Aplysina fistularis supports the incorporation of both phenylalanine (127) and tyrosine (128) into dienone 133 and dibromohomogentisamide (134) (Scheme 19.6) [120]. Metabolites 131,132, 135, and 136 were also identified along with 133 and 134 in this study, which utilized... 

The Liquid Master Store at Roche uses a 96-tube version of the microtube plate described in Section 1.4 a description of the 96-tube plate is found on the web site www.remp.com. The individually accessible tubes in 96-tube plates in the Liquid Master Store hold a few definite sample volumes, e.g. 26 J,L and 140 J,L per tube. Storage and retrieval of HTS master solutions with fixed sample volumes facilitate the sample logistics considerably. Upon retrieval from the Liquid Master Store, the master solutions in the 96-tube plates are thawed and transferred to 384-well plates before they enter the downstream aliquoting process. This sample-handling concept avoids repetitive freeze-thaw cycles of HTS master solutions and thereby improves the stability and integrity of the compound samples used in HTS. 

A detailed discussion of antibody production and its control is beyond our purpose. However, minimal appreciation of the events leading to antibody production and a few definitions are necessary if immunochemical techniques are to be used knowledgeably. An antigen may be defined as any compound that (1) can stimulate production of antibodies when injected into a test animal and (2) reacts specifically with the antibodies produced. Both parts of this definition are necessary to distinguish antigens from haptens (see Figure 8-3), which are small molecules that... 

Only a few definitions will be recalled in this instance. The surface energy of a solid (7s... 

First we need a few definitions. Every mask consists of a connected areas and w internal windows. For example a mask in figure 1 consists of a=3 coimected components and w=5 internal windows. Two points in a mask are outerconnected... 

Let us start with a few definitions. A lattice plane of a given 3D BL contains at least three noncollinear lattice points and this plane forms a 2D BL. A family of lattice planes of a 3D BL is a set of parallel equally-spaced lattice planes separated by the minimum distance d between planes and this set contains all the points of the BL. The resolution of a given 3D BL into a family of lattice planes is not unique, but for any family of lattice planes of a direct BL, there are vectors of the reciprocal lattice that are perpendicular to the direct lattice planes. Inversely, for any reciprocal lattice vector G, there is a family of planes of the direct lattice normal to G and separated by a distance d, where 2jt/d is the length of the shortest reciprocal lattice vector parallel to G. A proof of these two assertions can be found in Ashcroft and Mermin [1]. 

Before examining in detail the specific effects of solar and terrestrial radiation on the middle atmosphere, we present a few definitions relative to radiative transfer in the atmosphere. 

Before making the broad points necessary to gain an insight into the inner workings of these areas, a few definitions are required. 

The only mathematical restriction on /x° and f° in equation (12.1) is that they both refer to the same integration limit, or in physical terms, that they refer to the same equilibrium state. This state has been referred to in various places thus far as a reference state, which it is. We now consider it in more detail, with a more exact definition, and we refer to this more precise concept as a standard state. The exact nature of this state is completely a matter of definition, although a few definitions have themselves become standard because of their utility. We have used it in discussions of thermodynamic properties such as G°, H°, etc. to signify that the substance is in its pure state, and we have seen in the two conventions discussed in Chapter 7 that the pressure and temperature of the standard state could be different in different cases. With the introduction of the activity concept, standard states take on added importance because of their use in a wide variety of solutions, temperatures, and pressures, both fixed and variable, and we must now pay more attention to their definition than we have done so far. 

We briefly report here a few definitions coneerning global and local electron counting procedures, remembering also that the number of cluster valence electrons (CVE) strongly determines the stoichiometry and the cluster shape, while the correct local valence electrons (LVE) distribution influences the ligand conformation. For a BMCC ... 

The term multicomponent mixture will be used to denote liquid mixtures containing more than two components. We shall further make a distinction between mixtures comprising a few definite constituents and complex mixtures containing a very... 

To date only a few definitive studies have been carried out to determine products and mechanisms for the reactions of OH radicals with organics. Two general techniques have been used ... 

In this lecture I will deal with the mechanisms involved in first, the dissolution or corrosion of iron and second, in the inhibition of corrosion by the formation of various types of oxide films. A few definitions will help to focus attention on the specific nature of my subject. 

To prevent confusion and provide clarity, OSHA has quite a few definitions in its standards. These are few of the most common. 

Before we continue, a few definitions of terms used throughout this chapter are necessary to maintain subtle but important differences among... 

Solid formulations have a few definite advantages over the liquid formulations. They are generally solvent-free. The current drive to reduce VOCs creates a definite advantage for solid formulations in some parts of the world. Solid formulations can be easily swept or vacuumed up if spilled. The packaging for granules is often simple kraft paper, plastic- or foil-lined paper, or plastic bags. The bags are usually minimally contaminated with Al, and quite easy to discard or incinerate. 

There are a few definitions of the spherical harmonics in the literature (see E.O. Steinbom, K. Rue-denberg, Quantum Chem. 7 (1973) 1). The Condon-Shortley convention often is used, and is... 

Extensive discussion of radiobiological principles is beyond the scope of this chapter, yet a few definitions will be mentioned. The response of tumors to radiotherapy is determined by several factors such as repopulation, reoxygenation, number of clonogenic cells, and their intrinsic radiosensitivity. Since the introduction of mammalian cell survival curves, the parameters D and N have been used as quantitative measures of inherent radiation sensitivity, as was the shoulder width Dq (Thames and Suit 1986). Today the ratio alpha/beta is the most common parameter for characterization of cell survival curves. It is also a measure of fractionation sensitivity. 

PE 009-10 Guide to good manufacturing practice for medicinal products - Part I (2013) — Part II (2013) — Annexes (2013). The content of this guide resembles, more or less, European GMP, except for a few definitions. 

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