A Comparative Study

Hermann R and Muiier M 1991 High resoiution bioiogicai scanning eiectron microscopy a comparative study of iow temperature metai coating techniques J. Eiectron. Microsc. Tech. 18 440-9... 

Akkermans R P, Wu M, Bain C D, Fidel-Suerez M and Compton R G 1998 Electroanalysis of ascorbic acid a comparative study of laser ablation voltammetry and sonovoltammetry E/eofroana/ys/s 10 613... 

Gray C G, Sainger Y S, Joslin C G, Cummings P T and Goldman S 1986 Computer simulation of dipolar fluids. Dependence of the dielectric constant on system size a comparative study of Ewald sum and reaction field approaches J. Chem. Phys. 85 1502-4... 

A multiple chent study may serve many useful purposes to company management. It may act as a primer for intensive study of a narrower part of the market, a guide to deciding whether to expend R D effort in the field, or a guide to deciding whether to acquire a company already in the field. The independent study can also resolve conflicting opinions within different departments of the chent company. Finally, the cost of a multiple chent study is usually lower than the cost of a comparable study by a chents in-house personnel. 

Pesticides A. Comparative Study of Industrialized Nations Regulatory Systems, GAO/PEMD-93-17, U.S. General Accounting Office, Washington, D.C., July 1993,104 pp. 

Figure 24.21 A comparative study of load transfers for different line lengths at different p.fs. for an uncompensated line...

Shahpar S., A Comparative Study of Optimization Methods for Aerodynamic Design of Turbomachinery Blades, 2000-GT-523. 

The acylation of enamines derived from cyclic ketones, which can lead to the acyl ketone or ring expansion (692-694), was studied by NMR and mass spectroscopic analysis of the products (695,696). In a comparative study of the rates of diphenylketene addition to olefins, a pronounced activation was observed in enamines (697). Enamine N- and C-acylation products were obtained from reactions of Schiff s bases (698), vinylogous urethanes (699), cyanamides (699), amides (670,700), and 2-benzylidene-3-methylbenzothiazoline (672) with acid chlorides, anhydrides, and dithio-esters (699). 

Grassie and coworkers [136,137] carried out a comparative study of the thermal degradation of vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymers covering the entire composition range. They observed that <10% of vinyl acetate produced a marked decrease in stability as compared with PVC. Thereafter, there was a progressive decrease in stability as the amount of comonomer was increased with a minimum at 40-50% vinyl acetate. Stability progressively increased with further increase in... 

A comparative study on ylide stability as a function of the heteroatom type was carried out by Doering et al. [3,4]. They concluded that the phosphorus and sulfur ylides are the most stable ones. The participation of three-dimensional orbitals in the covalency determines the resonance stabilization of the phosphorus and sulfur ylides [5-8]. The nitrogen ylides are less stable from this point of view. The only stabilization factor involves electrostatic interactions between the two charges localized on adjacent nitrogen and carbon atoms [9]. 

Wittfogel, K. A. (1970). Oriental Despotism, A Comparative Study of Total Power. New Haven Yale University Press. 

Maude, C. W. (1993). Advanced Power Generation A Comparative Study of Design Options for Coal. lEA Coal Research. 55 15-32. 

We set out with the idea that, in the vicinity of each ion in solution there is likely to be a certain amount of electrostriction—a certain shrinkage of the solvent caused by the attraction between the ionic charge and the polar molecules. In order to estimate from experimental data how much shrinkage, if any, has taken place, we must start with a correct idea of what would have been the volume of the solution, if no shrinkage had taken place. In making a comparative study of various solutes, we need a common basis for comparison. Since this is not provided by the volumes of the crystalline solids, we may try a different approach. We may compare the addition of any pair of ions to the solvent with the addition of a pair of solvent molecules. 

Kihara, Y., and Morgan, J. P. (1989). A comparative study of three methods for intracellular loading of the calcium indicator aequorin in ferret papillary muscles. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 162 402—407. 

Schmitter, R. E., et al. (1976). Dinoflagellate luminescence a comparative study of in vitro components./. Cell. Physiol. 87 123-134. 

Tyul kova, N. A., and Sandalova, T. P. (1996). A comparative study of the temperature effect on different bacterial luciferase. Biokhimiya 61 275-287. 

Various (meth)acrylic monomers have been successfully grafted onto polyolefins. Most studies deal with functional monomers. Grafting yields obtained with PP are usually low (<20%) and are dependent on the particular monomer. Liu et al.jM carried out a comparative study on the grafting of various functional methacrylates onto PP. The experiments were performed in a batch mixer at 180 °C with 7 wt% monomer and 0.05 wt% 22 as an initiator. Grafting levels (wt%) obtained under these conditions were as follows HPMA (I), TBAEMA (1), GMA (0.8), IIEMA (0.4), DMAEMA (0.3), 32 (0.2). Grafting yields to PE appear generally higher. 

A comparative study [651] of the relative stabilities of various forms of U03 by DTA methods lists the temperatures of onset of reaction in the sequence a < e < amorphous < 0 < U02.9 < S < 7 (673, 733, 773, 803, 853, 863 and 903 K, respectively). Themal stabilities, as measured by the first-order reaction rate coefficient, magnitudes of E or enthalpies of reaction, increased with increasing structural symmetry. 

The main performance characteristics of light-duty liquids or dishwash blends are soil emulsification and foaming. Figueroa-Raulli [73] published a comparative study of AOS vs. alkyl sulfates (AS), alcohol ether sulfates (AES), and linear alkylbenzenesulfonates (LAS) in light-duty liquid blends. The blends were evaluated for flash foam, the stability of foam under accumulating soil loads, and for the number of plates washed. Blend performance is expressed as a percentage of a dishwash reference standard. 

Cationic bis(oxazoline) and pyridil-bis(oxazoline) Cu(ll) and Zn(ll) Lewis-acid catalysts. A comparative study in catalysis of Diels-Alder and aldol reactions [101]... 

Kawamoto, S. Adelstein, R.S. (1987), Characterization of myosin heavy chains in cultured aorta smooth muscle cells. A comparative study. J. Biol. Chem. 262, 7282-7288. 

For reviews of methods for preparing alkynes, see Friedrich, K. in Patai Rappoport The Ghemistry of Functional Groups, Supplement G, pt. 2 Wiley NY, 1983, p. 1376 Ben-Efraim, D.A. in Patai The Chemistry of the Carbon-Carbon Triple Bond, pt. 2 Wiley NY, 1978, p. 755. For a comparative study of various methods, see Mesnard, D. Bemadou, F Miginiac, L. J. Ghem. Res. (S), 1981, 270, and other papers in this series. 

Gomez M, Plaza E, Garralon G et al (2007) A comparative study of tertiary wastewater treatment by physico-chemical-UV process and macrofiltration-ultrafiltration technologies. Desalination 202 369-376... 

Gomez-Arroyo S, Baiza AM, Lopez G, et al. 1985. A comparative study of the cytogenetic effects of the insecticides heptachlor, malathion, and methyl parathion in Vicia faba. Contaminacion Ambiental 1 7-16. 

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