Yeast marine

For example, a screening of 416 strains (71 bacterial strains, 45 actinomycetes, 59 yeast, 60 basidiomycetes, 33 marine fungi, and 148 filamentous fungi) has been performed to look for microorganisms that display reductase activity in the absence of oxidase activity [8b]. A new microorganism, Diplogdasinospora grovesii IMI... 

There is considerable interest in the role of formic acid and other volatile fatty acids in the early diagnosis of organic matter in lacustrine and marine sediments. Formic acid is an important fermentation product or substrate for many aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and for some yeasts, hi the atmosphere, formic acid is an important product in the photochemical oxidation of organic matter. 

Thiamine has also been measured by bioassay, a marine yeast being used as the assay organism [474,475]. Marine bacteria [476,477], marine yeasts [475], and dinoflagellates [478] have been used for the assay of biotin. 

Incubation of lead(II) (as nitrate or acetate) with marine algae and a S-adenosylmethionine rich yeast produced methyl leads in the culture solution62. Marine macrophyte cultures produced mainly Me3Pb+. Production with the yeast was much less efficient. Concentration levels of methyllead produced in the cultures for the algae were of the order of 10-20 ngdm 3. 

Fungi and yeasts are also members of the marine heterotrophic eukaryotes. They are generally found living on or within tissues of other organisms or on detrital POM. Fungi are important primarily in coastal water where they serve as decomposers of terrestrial vascular plant detritus. Yeasts occur as parasites of copepods. 

As for the cultivation of other types of marine microorganisms, e.g., those with a specific potential for the production of biologically active metabolites, predominantly small-scale experiments (shake flasks) have been described. Alternatively, artificial seawater or 25 50 75 90% natural seawater has served as a basis for nutrient media. The concentrations of carbon and nitrogen sources reached up to 2 % (w/w) starch, glucose, molasses, glycerol, soybean oil, yeast extract, malt extract, beef extract, peptone, cornsteep liquor and NZ-amine. In the absence of artificial or natural seawater, high concentrations of... 

Marine lipophilic semiochemicals are well known, in particular the C hydrocarbon pheromones of brown algae (Oldham 19%, Chart 8.2.FA/PO). Hydrophilic semiochemicals, which are more difficult to identify, are also emerging. Those from tobacco plants are the first known multiple polypeptide hormones deriving in plants from a polyprotein precursor, like in animals and yeast (Pearce 2001). 

Bact. and yeasts also marine Bact. Yongmanitchai 1998... 

Shigemori, H. Tenma, M. Shimazaki, K. Kobayashi, J. (1998) Three new metabolites from the marine yeast Aureobasidium pullulans. J. Nat. Prod., 61, 696-8. 

Sugiyama, Y., Ito, Y., Suzuki, M., and Hirota, A. (2009). Indole Derivatives from a marine sponge-derived yeast as DPPH radical scavengers. ]. Nat. Prod. 72, 2069-2071. 

The marine facultative anaerobe bacterium Serratia marinoruhm and the yeast Rhodotoruhi rubra both methylate arsenate ion to methylarsonate, but only the latter produces cacodylic acid (258). Human volunteers who ingested 500 fig doses of As as sodium arsenite, sodium methylarsonate, and sodium cacodylate excreted these compounds in their urine (259). Of these three, approximately 75% of the sodium arsenite is methylated, while 13% of methylarsonate is methylated. Rat liver subcellular fractions methylated sodium arsenate in vitro, providing the first direct evidence for possible mammalian methylation independent of symbiotic bacteria (260). Shariatpanahi el al. have reported kinetics studies on arsenic biotransformation by five species of bacteria (261). They found that the As(V)-As(IIl) reduction followed a pattern of two parallel first-order reactions, while the methylation reactions all followed first-order kinetics. Of the five species tested, only the Pseudomonas produced all four metabolites (arsenite, methylarsonate, cacodylate, trimethylarsine) (261). 

In blue-green algae and some yeasts, sodium may m pari replace cellular potassium. While potassium is usually the principal cation concerned with the maintenance of the osmotic pressure within the cell, sodium contributes appreciably to the total, and amino adds and other organic compounds may help make up any deficit, particularly in marine invertebrates. 

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