Xenopus maturation

Gautier, J., Norbury, C., Lohka, M., Nurse, P., and Mailer, J. (1988). Purified maturation-promoting factor contains the product of a Xenopus homologue of the fission yeast cell cycle control gene cdc2+. Cell 54 433-439. 

Mailer, J. L., and Smith, D. S. (1985). Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel analysis of changes in protein phosphorylation during maturation of Xenopus oocytes. Dev. Biol. 109 150-156. 

Mailer, J., Wu, M and Gerhart, J. C. (1977). Changes in protein phosphorylation accompanying maturation of Xenopus laevis oocytes. Dev. Biol. 58 295-312. 

Minshull, J., Murray, A., Colman, A., and Hunt, T. (1991). Xenopus oocyte maturation does not require new cyclin synthesis. J. Cell Biol. 114 767-772. 

Pickham, K. M., Meyer, A. N., Li, J and Donoghue, D. J. (1992). Requirement of mosx protein kinase for meiotic maturation of Xenopus oocytes induced by a cdc2 mutant lacking regulatory phosphorylation sites. Mol. Cell. Biol. 12 3192-3203. 

Sagata, N., Oskarsson, M., Copeland, T Brumbaugh, J and Vande Woude, G. F. (1988). Function of c-mos proto-oncogene product in meiotic maturation in Xenopus oocytes. Nature 335 519-525. 

Shuttleworth, J., Godfrey, R., and Colman, A. (1990). p40wo,J, a cdc2-related protein kinase involved in negative regulation of meiotic maturation of Xenopus oocytes. EMBOJ. 9 3233-3240. 

Wasserman, W. J., Richter, J. D., and Smith, L. D. (1982). Protein synthesis during maturation promoting factor- and progesterone-induced maturation in Xenopus oocytes. Dev. Biol. 89 152-158. 

McGrew, L. L., Dworkin-Rastl, E., Dworkin, M. B and Richter, J. D. (1989). Poly(A) elongation during Xenopus oocyte maturation is required for translational recruitment and is mediated by a short sequence element. Genes Dev. 3 803-815. 

Wasserman, W. J., and Masui, Y. (1975). Effect of cycloheximide on a cytoplasmic factor initiating meiotic maturation in Xenopus oocytes. Exp. Cell Res. 91 381-388. Wood, T. G., McGeady, M. L., Blair, D. G., and Vande Woude, G. F. (1983). Long terminal repeat enhancement of -mos transforming activity identification of essential regions. J. Virol. 46 726-736. 

FIG. 1. Schematic diagram of early Xenopus development. The figure shows relative levels of MPF (cyclin B/Cdc2) activity from the beginning of oocyte maturation until after fertilization. 

The Xenopus system has proven instrumental in determining the mechanism controlling exit from mitosis at the metaphase/anaphase transition. Studies in this area have relied heavily on extracts prepared from fully mature oocytes/ unfertilized eggs that are arrested at metaphase of the second meiotic division. Upon Ca2+ addition, anaphase is initiated and the extract enters the first embryonic cell cycle to replicate DNA. The activity responsible for metaphase arrest was discovered by Masui at the same time as MPF (Masui Markert 1971), and given the name cytostatic factor (CSF). CSF has never been purified... 

Xenopus oocytes and embryos present a model system for understanding the interface between cell cycle controls and developmental decisions. Maturation of... 

Lohka MJ, Hayes MK, Mailer JL 1988 Purification of maturation-promoting factor, an intracellular regulator of early mitotic events. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85 3009—3013 Mailer JL, Butcher FR, Krebs EG 1979 Early effects of progesterone on levels of cyclic adenosine 3 5 -monophosphate in Xenopus oocytes. J Biol Chem 254 579-582 Masui Y 1967 Relative roles of the pituitary, follicle cells, and progesterone in the induction of oocyte maturation in Ranapipiens. J Exp Zool 166 365-375 Masui Y, Markert CL 1971 Cytoplasmic control of nuclear behavior during meiotic maturation of frog oocytes. J Exp Zool 177 129-145... 

Roy LM, Haccard O, Izumi T, Lattes BG, Lewellyn AL, Mailer JL 1996 Mos proto-oncogene function during oocyte maturation in Xenopus. Oncogene 12 2203-2211 Sagata N 1997 What does Mos do in oocytes and somatic cells Bioessays 19 13-21... 

Schwab MS, Kim SH, Terada N et al 1999 The p70(S6K) controls selective mRNA translation during oocyte maturation and early embryogenesis in Xenopus laevis. Mol Cell Biol 19 2485— 2494... 

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