Cytostatic factor

Daar, I., Paules, R. S and Vande Woude, G. F. (1991). A characterization of cytostatic factor activity from Xenopus eggs and c-mor-transformed cells. J. Cell Biol. 114 329-335. 

Freeman, R. S., Meyer, A. N., Li, J., and Donoghue, D. J. (1992). Phosphorylation of conserved serine residues does not regulate the ability of mas" protein kinase to induce meiotic maturation or function as cytostatic factor. J. Cell Biol. 116 725-735. 

Gabrielli, B. G., Roy, L. M and Mailer, J. L. (1993). Requirement forcdk2 in cytostatic factor-mediated metaphase II arrest. Science 259 1766-1769. 

Masui, Y. (1991). The role of Cytostatic Factor (CSF) in the control of oocyte cell cycles a summary of 20 years of study. Dev. Growth Differ. 33 543-551. 

Sagata, N., Watanabe, N., Vande Woude, G. F., and Ikawa, Y. (1989b). The c-mos proto-oncogene product is a cytostatic factor responsible for meiotic arrest in vertebrate eggs. Nature 342 512-518. 

Also in need of further study is the function of Mos in male germ cells. It appears that Mos is expressed prior to meiosis of spermatocytes, consistent with the possibility that it acts in the initiation of meiosis and/or during progression from meiosis I to meiosis II. However, c-mos expression continues in postmeiotic spermatids, where it does not induce metaphase II arrest. This may be due to the absence of other components of cytostatic factor, but the role of c-mos expression in postmeiotic male germ cells remains unclear. 

The Xenopus system has proven instrumental in determining the mechanism controlling exit from mitosis at the metaphase/anaphase transition. Studies in this area have relied heavily on extracts prepared from fully mature oocytes/ unfertilized eggs that are arrested at metaphase of the second meiotic division. Upon Ca2+ addition, anaphase is initiated and the extract enters the first embryonic cell cycle to replicate DNA. The activity responsible for metaphase arrest was discovered by Masui at the same time as MPF (Masui Markert 1971), and given the name cytostatic factor (CSF). CSF has never been purified... 

Bhatt RR, Ferrell JE Jr 1999 The protein kinase p90Rsk as an essential mediator of cytostatic factor activity. Science 286 1362—1365... 

The metaphase arrest in vertebrate oocytes is maintained by cytostatic factor activity (CSF Masui Markert 1971). CSF was first demonstrated in amphibian oocytes by transferring cytoplasm from metaphase II (M II)-arrested oocytes into one blastomere of a two-cell embryo. The injected blastomere was arrested in M phase while the non-injected blastomere continues to cleave (Masui Markert... 

Kuhiak Listening to your paper I understood that mitotic, not meiotic, cohesins could be the ideal targets for cytostatic factor (CSF) in vertebrate cells. 

Liu, J. and Mailer, J. L., 2005, Calcium elevation at fertilization coordinates phosphorylation of XErpl/Emi2 by Plxl and CaMK II to release metaphase arrest by cytostatic factor, Curr Biol, 15, pp 1458-68. 

Y. Masui. 2001. From oocyte maturation to the in vitro cell cycle the history of discoveries of Maturation-Promoting Factor (MPF) and Cytostatic Factor (CSF). Differentiation 69 1-17. 

Exit from meiosis and from metaphase arrest is known to result from an increase in cytosolic Ca. The cytostatic factor appears to be associated with the activity of p39 (also known as Mos), the product of the... 

Cyclin-dependent kinases, 413,416 protein inhibitors of, 413,416,445 Cytostatic factor (CSF), 443,444... 

Dumont J, Umbhauer M, Rassinier P, Hanauer A, Verlhac MH. 2005. p90Rsk is not involved in cytostatic factor arrest in mouse oocytes. J Cell Biol 169(2) 227-231. 

Hansen DV, Timg JJ, Jackson PK 2006. CaMKll and p>olo-like kinase 1 sequentially phosphorylate the cytostatic factor Emi2/XErpl to trigger its destruction and meiotic exit. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103(3) 608-613. 

Madgwick S, Jones KT. 2007. How eggs arrest at metaphase II MPF stabilisation plus APC/ C inhibition equals Cytostatic Factor. Cell Div 2 4. 

Nishiyama T, Ohsumi K, Kishimoto T. 2007a. Phosphorylation of Erpl by p90rsk is required for cytostatic factor arrest in Xenopus laevis eggs. Nature 446(7139) 1096-1099. 

Schmidt A, Rauh NR, Nigg EA, Mayer TU. 2006. Cytostatic factor an activity that puts the cell cycle on hold. J CeU Sci 119(Pt 7) 1213-1218. 

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