World Health Organization analysis

F. L. Bryan, Ha ard Analysis Critical Control Point Evaluations, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 1992, p. 4. 

The World Health Organization (WHO) promotes the use of an Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification system for the collection and analysis of data on drug use. This was originally developed by Scandinavian authorities, and uses a combination of anatomical, therapeutic and chemical criteria to assign drugs to an individual class. The top-level categories, which are anatomically based, are listed in Table 3.2. 

In 1975 the World Health Organization produced a guideline for the establishment, maintenance and distribution of chemical reference substances (WHO 1975). This document was intended to foster collaboration and harmonization of approval for the provision of reference substances by national authorities and organizations responsible for reference substances collections. This guideline was revised in 1982 (WHO 1982) and a further revision was completed more recently (WHO 1999) to take into account progress in pharmaceutical analysis. The latest guidehne defines both primary chemical reference substance and secondary chemical reference substance as follows ... 

Coincidentally, researchers at a World Health Organization (WHO) centre, the University of Verona in Italy and the Nagoya City University in Japan had already analysed all of the placebo-controlled antidepressant trials on GSK s website, and published their results at just about the same time that we published our analysis of the FDA data. They found 40 placebo-controlled studies of Seroxat for the treatment of major depression, including the 16 that had been sent to the FDA. The results of their analysis... 

The International Pharmacopoeia , Vol. I., General Methods of Analysis, Geneva, World Health Organization, 3rd., ed. 1979. 

World Health Organization, Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point System Concept and Application, report of a WHO Consultation with the participation of FAO, unpublished WHO document, Geneva, 1995. 

Joseph V. Rodricks was a founding principal of ENVIRON International Corporation, a consultancy firm on environmental and health issues. Since 1980 he has consulted for many corporations and institutions, including the World Health Organization, and in 2005 he received the Outstanding Practitioner Award from the Society for Risk Analysis. The first edition of Calculated Risks won an Honourable Mentions award from the American Medical Writers Association. 

The 1988 Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) established by the United Nation s Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) for total heptachlor was 0.5 pg/kg/day (FDA 1989b). Total heptachlor intakes found in the Total Diet Analysis (1988) were 0.004 jg/kg/day for 6-11-month-old infants, 0.017 jg/kg/day for 14-16- year-old males, and 0.0007 jg/kg/day for 60-63-year-old females (FDA 1989b). 

An international intercomparison exercise in the determination of microcystin, carried out by using the most common methods (LC/DAD, ELISA and LC/MS) indicated that LC/DAD is affected by lower precision [234], while the coupling of the LC technique with ELISA permit the achievement of high sensitivity and specificity in the determination of microcystins and nodularin [235] without the need of pre-concentration the method meets the World Health Organization guidelines (1 pg L ). The combination of ELISA characterization and LC analysis with fluorescence, UV, and tandem MS detections, allowed the first identification of cylindrospermopsin, an algal toxin that caused the poisoning of up to 148 persons in Australia [236],... 

IARC. 1986. Environmental carcinogens Selected methods of analysis. Volume 8. Some metals As, Be, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Se, Zn. lARC Scientific Publication No. 71. Lyon, France International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. Methods 11 and 17. 

Defined standard solutions. The two defined standard solutions were prepared by dissolving either 2,3,7,8-TCDD or 2,3,7,8-TCDD, PCB 126, and PCB 169 in DMSO. The 2,3,7,8TCDD standard solution contained 2,3,7,8-TCDD in DMSO at a concentration of 7.5 nM. Sample 2 contained a mixture of 2,3,7,8 TCDD, PCB 126, and PCB 169 at concentrations of 5.0, 25, and 250 nM, respectively. The total 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQ content of this mixture was calculated using both World Health Organization (Paris, France) WHO-TEF values and DR CALUX-relative potency (REP) values (Hosoe et al, 2002) and found to be 10 and 7.5 nM 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQ, respectively. Overall, 27 individual measurements per sample and per participant were available for data analysis. 

OECD/IPCS (2001) Project on the harmonization of chemical hazard/risk assessment terminology Critical analysis of survey results. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and World Health Organization, International Programme on Chemical Safety (in press). 

Roth, G. A., Fihn, S. D., Mokdad, A. H., Aekplakorn, W., Hasegawa, T., and Lim, S. S. (2011). High total serum cholesterol, medication coverage and therapeutic control An analysis of national health examination survey data from eight countries. Bull. World Health Organ. 89, 92-101. 

World Health Organization, in Methods of Analysis and Sampling, FAO/WHO, ALINORM 97/23A, Report of the 21st Session of the Codex Committee, paras 20-23, FAO, Rome (1997). 

Skegg DC, Noonan EA, Paul C, Spears GF, Meirik O, Thomas DB. Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate and breast cancer. A pooled analysis of the World Health Organization and New Zealand studies. JAMA 1995 273(10) 799-804. 

The specific immunosensitizing therapy for the treatment of allergic diseases is the main etiological therapeutic tool, as demonstrated by many doubleblind placebo-controlled clinical studies, recently reviewed by Abramson et al. [5] in a meta-analysis study. The efficacy of the treatment requires certain patient selection criteria, preparation and administration of hyposensitizing extracts. Its efficacy has been confirmed by double-blind clinical trials, reported in a World Health Organization Position Paper [6]. 

Bennett BG. 1986. Chapter 8 Exposure assessment for metals involved in carcinogenesis. In O Neil IK, Schuller P, Fishbein L, ed. Environmental carcinogens selected methods of analysis. Lyon, France World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 115-128. IARC Scientific Publication 71. 

A TLC method/approach that is low cost, maintenance free, fast and reliable, an apparatus that is made of a plastic bag, and that does not require electricity (for developing countries) has been suggested [3J. The feasibility was demonstrated by the analysis of a partial list of the essential drugs established by the World Health Organization. 

IARC. 1986a. Selected methods of analysis Some metals. In O Neill IK, Schuller P, Fishbein L, ed. Vol. 8 IARC Scientific Publications No. 71. World Health Organization, Lyon, France, 141-158 291-317 433-440. 

Harada K, Kondo F, Lawton L (1999) Laboratory analysis of cyanotoxins. In Chorus I, Barthram J (eds) Toxic cyanobacteria in water a guide to their public health consequences, monitoring and management. World Health Organization New York, NY, pp 368 105... 

WHO (1995) Application of risk analysis to food standards issues. Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation, Geneva, 13-17 March 1995. Geneva, World Health Organization (WHO/FNU/FOS/95.3 http //www.fao.org/docrep/008/ae922e/ae922e00.htm). 

WHO (2005) Relationship between the three components of risk analysis. Geneva, World Health Organization, Department of Food Safety, Zoonoses and Foodbome Diseases, 21 October (http //www.who.int/foodsafety/micro/3circles diagram color.jpg). 

Some refractory elements cannot be determined by ET-AAS at the levels usually present in waters. That is the case with M. El Himri et al. [28] developed a fast and accurate procedure, without any prior treatment, to analyze tap and mineral waters from Spain and Morocco for this highly toxic element. ICP-MS was employed. The analytical isotope selected was 238U, with Rh as internal standard. An LoD of 2ngl 1 was obtained. The estimated repeatability was 3 percent at the concentration level of 73 ng l-1. The method was validated by comparison with a radiochemical procedure devised for natural samples and by analysis of a Certified Reference Material (CRM). Multi-element capabilities of ICP-AES have also been employed for surveys of trace elements. Al-Saleh and Al-Doush [29] reported the concentrations of dissolved Be, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Hg, Ni, Se, Sr, V, and Zn in 21 samples of retail bottled waters from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It was found that Cd, Fe, Hg, Ni, and Zn were present at concentrations higher than the limits recommended by the EU and World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. 

FishbeinL. 1988a. Benzene Uses, occurrence, and exposure. In Fishbein L, O Neill IK, eds. Environmental carcinogens methods of analysis and exposure measurement Vol. 10—benzene and alkylated benzene. IARC Scientific Publications No. 85. Lyon, France World Health Organization, International Agency of Research on Cancer. 67-96. 

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