Work station

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Many of the tasks once performed only ia a high ead electronic pagiaation system, often called color electronic prepress systems (CEPS), are possible by usiag persoaal computers and work stations. Pages are composed on screen, and the results are output typically as PostScript files. The data are transferred over a network to the final output device. 

The next level is the protocol that governs how the data are transmitted over the wire. Many protocols are ia use. A typical iastaHatioa may have multiple protocols mnning simultaneously on the same physical network. Vendors of network hardware and software develop protocols that are optimized for the type of appHcation for which their product is targeted. Among the protocols commonly seen ia a prepress aetwork are Apple Computer s AppleTalk and EtherTalk, and TCP/IP used by many UNIX work station vendors. The appHcation software a user employs automatically uses whatever protocol is necessary to move information over the network. 

Computer platforms where 1 represents IBM PCs and compatibles, 386 or better 2, Unix-based work stations (or equivalent) including HP/ApoUo, SUN, and IBM RS6000 3, DEC VMS 4, IBM mainframe, MVS or VM, or compatible and 5, others including Cray, Data Gen., etc. 

The years since pubHcation of the third edition of the Eniyclopedia (1978—1984) have brought the rise and fall of the minicomputer, the worldwide ascendancy of microprocessor-based personal computers, the emergence of powerhil scientific work stations, the acceptance of scientific visualization, further advances with supercomputers, the rise and fall of the rninisupercomputer, and the realization that the future Hes in parallel computing. 

Many of the faster work stations can provide throughput similar to that observed on a crowded, shared supercomputer, especially for codes that do not benefit greatly from vectorization. The availabihty of such machines for less than 50,000 (much less for academic users) has once again changed concepts of what is computationally feasible. Many more people can perform computations that a few years ago were the sole domain of those with access to large-scale computing faciUties, and this trend is expected to continue. 

Technical RISC work stations have revolutionized computational science in five years. 

Eor all the excitement and enthusiasm of the computer architects, these computers did not meet with great success in the marketplace, and few companies remain as viable entities. One of the primary reasons for their demise seems to have been the simultaneous rise of the RISC work stations, which killed off numerous other architectural initiatives, hence the term killer micros (11). 

Many institutions have hundreds, or even thousands, of powerful work stations that are idle for much of the day. There is often vastiy more power available in these machines than in any supercomputer center, the only problem being how to harness the power already available. There are network load-distribution tools that allocate individual jobs to unused computers on a network, but this is different from having many computers simultaneously cooperating on the solution of a single problem. 

Because of their relatively low cost and simplicity. Transputer systems can be built readily. Many systems are marketed as appHcation accelerator boards for personal computers and work stations. A single board that turns a standard work station into a "supercomputer" (for one appHcation at least) can be very attractive, especially in appHcation-specific situations (26). Transputer-based systems typically cost between 1000 and 200,000, depending on the number of nodes, among other things. 

The three-dimensional structure of protein molecules can be experimentally determined by two different methods, x-ray crystallography and NMR. The interaction of x-rays with electrons in molecules arranged in a crystal is used to obtain an electron-density map of the molecule, which can be interpreted in terms of an atomic model. Recent technical advances, such as powerful computers including graphics work stations, electronic area detectors, and... 

The bench where decontamination took place was only a few feet from the thermal unit and was not isolated from exclusion zone activities employees moved freely between their work stations in the exclusion zone and the decontamination bench. In addition, the subcontractor did not conduct monitoring activities to support work zone designations. Neither Site K contractor used warning signs to delineate exclusion zones, as required by their respective health and safety plans. 

Is use of local fresh-air supply at working stations possible ... 

Work station. Any area in which some aspect of work activity is carried out. 

The standard requires controlled conditions to include documented procedures defining the manner of production, installation, and servicing where the absence of such instructions would adversely affect quality. The supplementary requirements also require job instructions for all employees having responsibilities for the operation of processes and for these job instructions to be accessible for use at the work station without disruption to the job. 

The standard also requires job instructions to be accessible for use at the work station without disruption to the job. 

In interpreting this requirement you need to define what constitutes a work station . Is it a manufacturing cell where operations of the same type are performed or is it an individual machine Next you need to define the meaning of accessible . Does it mean visible by the operator of the machine, in a cupboard near the machine, or on a shelf in the area If a group of people work in an area equipped with several small machines of... 

Environmentally Responsive Work-stations (ERWs). Workers in open-office areas have direct, individual control over both the temperature and air-flow. Radiant heaters and vents are built directly into their furniture and are controlled by a panel on their desks, which also provides direct control of task lighting and of white noise levels (to mask out nearby noises). A motion sensor in each ERW turns it off when the worker leaves the space, and brings it back on when he or she returns. 

Any computation, whether performed by a slide rule, computer work station or brain, is inherently a physical process, and as such is therefore subject to whatever laws and limitations apply to physical systems in general. It is a natural question to ask, then, whether there exists a fundamental therniodynamic limit to computation i.e, whether there is a rniiiimuin amount of energy that is required to perform a given logical operation ... 

Furniture Work stations Hospital furniture Office furniture Outdoor furniture Flame retardance, appearance Flame retardance, cleanability Flame retardance, cost Weatherability, cost... 

Materials handling applications can be made wherever materials are transported, positioned, or.stored, the most extensive use being in mahufg. Manufg involves elements of motion, time, quantity, and space motion to transport materials between work stations, time to process and handle materials, quantity to establish work schedules and.material flow rates, and space to house materials, machines, and employees. The... 

The concept of task automation for the R D worker, discussed in Chapter 1 of Computer Applications in the Polymer Laboratory, ACS Symposium Series No. 313, is well on the way to being realized through the proliferation of powerful, low-cost universal work stations coupled to... 

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