Wood sources

The resin acids found in rosins are generally of the abietic- and pimaric-type. Rosins of various pine species differ in their content of abietic vs. pimaric-type acids. Rosins from species exhibiting high abietic-type acid compositions are preferred for production of rosin derivatives. However, the differences in properties of rosins are often associated with their non-resin acid content instead of their chemical compositions. On the other hand, the compositions of rosins from different sources greatly differ [22]. Table 8 shows a typical distribution of resin acids in rosins obtained from gum, tall oil and wood sources. 

The Norwegian company Borregaard makes vanillin by chemo-oxidation of cheap natural lignin. In view of the complexity of the lignin structure this is a remarkable achievement. This semi-synthetic vanillin is, however, not allowed to carry the qualification of natural . Borregaard is the only global producer of lignin-vanillin or wood-sourced vanillin , with a volume of about 2000 t a-1. They obtain 4 kg vanillin from one ton of wood. This vanillin is more expensive than synthetic vanillin, but the flavorist needs lower doses of the extra round flavor . 

After 2 weeks, and after 4 weeks. Test ceased when mortality reached 100% on treated wood. Source Ref. 37. 

Spillman, P. 1., Sefton, M. A., Gawel, R. (2004a). The effect of oak wood source, location of seasoning and coopering on the composition of volatile compounds in oak-matured wines. Aust. J. Grape Wine Res., 10, 216-226. 

Figure 2. Plant sterols found in oil seed, vegetable, and wood sources. Of the more than 40 plant sterols identified, -sitosterol, stigmasterol, and campesterol are the most abundant.

One set of properties over which charcoal makers do have some control is the size and shape of the wood pieces loaded into the kiln. Many practical considerations affect the way wood pieces are cut and shaped before being put in the kiln. The first of these is the wood source. If waste wood from wood-processing industries is being used as a feedstock, then the size and shape of the wood pieces are largely predetermined. However, if the wood comes from plantations grown specifically to supply the kilns, there is greater scope for optimising size and shape characteristics. Desirable features include ... 

The selection of a particular tree species for various end uses is, in most cases, based on the physical and chemical characteristics of the wood. However, in many situations proximity to the wood source and total wood procuifement cost can significantly affect species selection. 

Wood-based panels such as particleboard, MDF and OSB are a significant component in the wood industry. They satisfied performance requirements that are increasingly difficult to meet from solid wood sources and are able to meet these by using residues from other wood processing operations, or in the case of OSB, from small diameter logs from species that otherwise have limited potential, and at competitive prices. The technology to produce these panels has advanced to the... 

These are prepared with specialist flaking equipment that can use small diameter logs. Initially this was from species having no other use, but as capacity has grown alternative wood sources have been used. The process evolved from the waferboard manufacture that used thin flakes or wafers to form a panel where the wafers performed as small veneers. The increased slenderness ratios of strands resulted in improvements in both strength and directional properties so that OSB became an alternative to plywood. The reduced width of the strands compared with wafers allowed them to be produced from smaller diameter wood. 

As the population grows and demand for wood composite products increases, as well as considering the global concern about nature and environment, developing countries and even the countries with considerable forest resources are focusing on lignocellulosic non-wood sources to produce composite products. 

Gasification wood chips Syngas yield 0.933 kg syngas/1 kg wood Source Process flowsheet... 

Remaud et al. [28] reported that they could detect as little as 5% adulteration of vanillin with vanillin ex-guaiacol (petrochemical source) and 10% adulteration with vanillin ex-lignin (wood source) using SNIF-NMR. These detection limits were established using the D/H data at aU sites (as opposed to any one site). Fronza et al. [30] demonstrated that using SNIF-NMR they could distinguish between raspberry ketone that came from authentic botanical origin, microbial conversions, and other nonnatural sources. The method appears to be extremely difficult to circumvent. The... 

Company Plastic type Plastic source Wood source... 

Its root system is extensive, thus enabling a good utilization of fertilizer without eluation of nitrate to ground water, In 1994, about 130 ha of c. were planted in Germany. Their d.m. yield reached about 30 mt/ha/a. Other so-called fast growing wood sources, such as poplar and willow trees, yield no more than 16 mt of d.m. They may only be harvested every 3 years. First results with c. have indicated little adaptation to the middle-Eur-opean conditions they especially miss winter hardness. 

TABLE HL Some Non-Wood Sources of Essential Oils in Amazonia and their Reported Constituents... 

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