With air or oxygen

By the oxidation of hydrogen chloride. A mixture of hydrogen chloride with air or oxygen is passed over a catalyst of copper(II)... 

Once the principal route to vinyl chloride, in all but a few percent of current U.S. capacity this has been replaced by dehydrochlorination of ethylene dichloride. A combined process in which hydrogen chloride cracked from ethylene dichloride was added to acetylene was advantageous but it is rarely used because processes to oxidize hydrogen chloride to chlorine with air or oxygen are cheaper (7) (see Vinyl polymers). 

Natural gas is attractive as a fuel ia many appHcatioas because of its relatively clean burning characteristics and low air pollution (qv) potential compared to other fossil fuels. Combustion of natural gas iavolves mixing with air or oxygen and igniting the mixture. The overall combustion process does not iavolve particulate combustion or the vaporization of Hquid droplets. With proper burner design and operation, the combustion of natural gas is essentially complete. No unbumed hydrocarbon or carbon monoxide is present ia the products of combustioa. 

Lead Monoxide. Lead monoxide (litharge), PbO, occurs as a reddish alpha form, which is stable up to 489°C where it transforms to a yellow beta form (massicot). The latter is stable at high temperatures. The solubihty of a-PbO ia water is 0.0504 g/L at 25°C the solubihty of the p-PbO is 0.1065 g/L at 25°C (40). Lead monoxide is amphoteric and dissolves ia both acids and alkahes. In alkahes, it forms the plumbite ion PbO - The monoxide is produced commercially by the reaction of molten lead with air or oxygen ia a furnace. Black or gray oxide is manufactured by the Barton process, by the oxidation of atomized molten lead ia air, as well as by the ball mill process, ia which metallic lead balls of high purity are tumbled ia the mill to form partially oxidized lead particles. 

Ethylbenzene Hydroperoxide Process. Figure 4 shows the process flow sheet for production of propylene oxide and styrene via the use of ethylbenzene hydroperoxide (EBHP). Liquid-phase oxidation of ethylbenzene with air or oxygen occurs at 206—275 kPa (30—40 psia) and 140—150°C, and 2—2.5 h are required for a 10—15% conversion to the hydroperoxide. Recycle of an inert gas, such as nitrogen, is used to control reactor temperature. Impurities ia the ethylbenzene, such as water, are controlled to minimize decomposition of the hydroperoxide product and are sometimes added to enhance product formation. Selectivity to by-products include 8—10% acetophenone, 5—7% 1-phenylethanol, and <1% organic acids. EBHP is concentrated to 30—35% by distillation. The overhead ethylbenzene is recycled back to the oxidation reactor (170—172). 

Common methods of preparation include direct combination of metallic antimony with air or oxygen, roasting of antimony trisulfide, and alkaline hydrolysis of an antimony ttihafide and subsequent dehydration of the resulting hydrous oxide when heated too vigorously in air, some of the Sb(III) is converted to Sb(V). 

Decomposes violently on heating. Forms explosive peroxides with air or oxygen. Polymerizes under pressure and heat. 

Modern processes for strong acid are based on direct oxidation of ammonia with air or oxygen, with the first two steps being similar to the weak acid process. Various processes exist allowing co-production of weak and strong acid. 

The dissolved hydrogen sulfide is oxidized to form a mixture of elemental sulfur and hydro-quinone. The solution is injected with air or oxygen to oxidize the hydro-quinone back to quinone. The solution is then filtered or centrifuged to remove the sulfur and the quinone is then reused. 

Consider the production of ethylene oxide by oxidation of ethylene with air or oxygen ... 

Some gases, vapors, and dust mixtures with air or oxygen may produce explosions. For explosion to occur, a flammable gas or combustible material... 

Gas will form a flammable and explosive mixture with air or oxygen and the band within which this will happen will vary with pressure and temperature. At atmospheric pressure and 15°C the properties are ... 

The platinum black by reduction of the oxide may sometimes be used a second, third or even more times in the reduction of certain compounds merely by reactivating (Note 8) with air or oxygen. A spent catalyst must be reworked (Note 9)... 

Since pentane is a flammable gas that can form explosive mixtures in combination with air or oxygen, suitable safety precautions must be taken. 

The carbonyl on exposure to atmospheric oxygen produces a deposit which becomes peroxidised and may ignite. Mixtures with air or oxygen at low partial and total pressures explode after a variable induction period [1]. Addition of the carbonyl to a butane-oxygen mixture at 20-40°C caused explosive reaction in some cases [2], See other induction period incidents... 

Reaction with air or oxygen in complete absence of moisture does not occur, even on heating to the boiling point. However, in contact with normal (moist) air, oxidation may become so fast that melting or ignition occurs, particularly if pressure is applied locally to cause melting and exposure of a fresh surface, as when potassium is pressed through a die to form potassium wire [10],... 

The reported ignition of diborane and tetraborane(lO) in contact with air or oxygen is due to the presence of traces of silicon hydrides [1]. The lower members of the latter class ignite or explode in air or oxygen, especially at reduced pressure [2], Phosphine is also sensitive [3],... 

The ethyl ester is prepared in 60 per cent yield by passing ethyl lactate with air or oxygen over a vanadium pentoxide catalyst. Boehringer Sohn, U. S. pat. 1,614,195 (1927). [C. A. ai, 746 (1927).]... 

TRW Meyers [Named after the three CalTech professors who founded the company Thompson, Ramo, and Wooldridge] A chemical method for desulfurizing coal. The iron pyrites is leached out with a hot aqueous solution of ferric sulfate, liberating elemental sulfur. The resulting ferrous sulfate solution is re-oxidized with air or oxygen ... 

One of the most important industrial chemical processes is the manufacture of sulfuric acid. A major step in this process is the oxidation of SO, with air or oxygen-enriched air in the reversible, exothermic reaction corresponding to equation (A) in Example 1-2 ... 

Detonations can occur in solids and liquids but are particularly frequent in petroleum facilities in mixtures of hydrocarbon vapors with air or oxygen. Detonations will develop more rapidly at initial pressures above ambient atmospheric pressure. If the initial pressure is high the detonation pressure will be more severe and destructive. 

Aerobic treatment of aquifer oxygen is usually supphed by one of three methods direct air sparging of air or oxygen into wells screened below the contaminated zone, saturation of water with air or oxygen prior to reinjection, or addition of an oxidant (typically a peroxide compound) directly into an injection well or injection water. Regardless of the mechanism of introduction, the important factor is that the oxidant is distributed throughout the contaminated zone at a concentration and rate such that it can be utilized by the microorganisms. 

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