Wisconsin lakes

Syers, J.K. Iskandar, I.K. Keeney, D.R. Distribution and Background Levels of Mercury in Sediment Cores from Selected Wisconsin Lakes. Water Air Soil Pollut. 1973 2, 105-118. 

Watras CJ, Bloom NS, Hudson RJM, Gherini S, Munson R, Claas SA, Morrison KA, Hurley JP, Wiener JG, Fitzgerald WF, Mason RP, Vandal G, Powell D, Rada R, Rislove L, Winfrey M, Elder J, Krabbenhoft DP, Andren AW, Babiarz C, Porcella DB, Huckabee JW. 1994. Sources and fates of mercury and methyhnercury in Wisconsin lakes. In Watras CJ, Huckabee J, editors. Mercury as a global pollutant integration and synthesis. Chelsea (MI) Lewis, p. 153-177. 

Back RC, Watras CJ. 1995. Mercury in zooplankton of northern Wisconsin lakes taxonomic and site-specific trends. Water Air Soil Pollut 80 931-938. 

Hammerschmidt CR, Wiener JG, Frazier BE, Rada RG. 1999. Methylmercury content of eggs in yellow perch related to maternal exposure in four Wisconsin lakes. Environ Sci Technol 33 999-1003. 

Wiener JG, Fitzgerald WF, Watras CJ, Rada RG. 1990. Partitioning and bioavailability of mercury in an experimentally acidified Wisconsin lake. Envhon Toxicol Chem 9 909-918. 

Gerstenberger, S.L., J. Pratt-Shelley, M.S. Beattie, and J.A. Dellinger. 1993. Mercury concentrations of walleye (,Stizostedion vitreum vitreum) in 34 northern Wisconsin lakes. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 50 612-617, Gilbert, S.G., C.D. Munkers, T.M. Burbacher, and D.C. Rice. 1994. Effects of in utero methylmercury exposure on schedule controlled behavior in adult monkeys. Amer. Jour. Primatol. 33 211. 

Rada, R.G., J.G. Wiener, M.R. Winfrey, and D.E. Powell. 1989. Recent increases in atmospheric deposition of mercury to north-central Wisconsin lakes inferred from sediment analyses. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 18 175-181. 

Wiener, J.G., R.E. Martini, T.B. Sheffy, and G.E. Glass. 1990b. Factors influencing mercury concentrations in walleyes in northern Wisconsin lakes. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 119 862-870. 

Groundwater-inflow rates as calculated by the solute and isotope mass-balance methods for several northern Wisconsin lakes are listed in Table I. Dissolved calcium was used as the solute tracer because it is the constituent whose concentration differs the most between groundwater and precipitation, the two input components to be separated by the method. In addition, calcium is nearly conservative in the soft-water, moderately acidic to cir-cum-neutral lakes in northern Wisconsin. Results from the two methods agree relatively well, except for Crystal Lake, where groundwater-flow reversals are frequent. 

Previous estimates of unfiltered total Hg in northern Wisconsin lakes were 2 orders of magnitude higher than our observed levels (18). 

Source USDA/NASS 1994-1995 annual reports as summarized in http //www.epa.gov/ reg5rcra/ptb/pest/documents/pest se.pdf. Lake Erie Basin includes Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. Lake Michigan Basin includes Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. Lake Superior Basin includes Minnesota, Michigan, and Wisconsin. Data for Ontario are for the whole province, for 1998 [26]... 

Pearse, C. and Achtenberg, H. (1917). Habits of yellow perch in Wisconsin lakes. Bulletin of the US Bureau of Fisheries 36,297-366. 

Watras, C. J., K. A. Morrison, J. S. Host, and N. S. Bloom. 1995. "Concentrations of mercury species in relationship to other site-specific factors in the surface waters of northern Wisconsin Lakes." Limnology and Oceanography... 

Fitzgerald W. F. and Watras C. J. (1989) Mercury in surficial waters of rural Wisconsin lakes. Sci. Tot. Environ. 87(88),... 

Watras C. J. and Bloom N. S. (1994) The vertical distribution of mercury species in Wisconsin lakes accumulation in plankton layers. In Mercury Pollution Integration and Synthesis, Chap. 1.11 (eds. C. Watras and J. Huckabee). Lewis Pubhshers, Ann Arbor, Ml, pp. 137-152. 

The top 15 cm of sediments in Wisconsin lakes contained higher levels of mercury (0.09-0.24 g/g [ppm]) than sediments at lower sediment levels (0.04-0.07 g/g [ppm]). Because the lakes are not known to receive any direct deposition of mercury, it was postulated that the primary mercury source was atmospheric deposition (Rada et al. 1989). Mercury levels in surface sediments of the St. Louis River ranged from 18 to 500 ng/L (ppt) (Glass et al. 1990). Mercury was detected in sediment samples from Crab Orchard Lake in Illinois at concentrations greater than 60 g/L (ppb) (Kohler et al. 1990). 

Wiener JG, Fitzgerald WF, Watras CJ, et al. 1990. Partitioning and bioavailability of mercury in an experimentally acidified Wisconsin Lake. In Symposium on Metal Chemistry and Bioavailability in Acid Waters Ninth Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Arlington, VA, November 16, 1988. Environ Toxicol Chem 9(7) 909-918. 

Webb, S. 1987. Beech range extension and vegetation history pollen stratigraphy of two Wisconsin Lakes. Ecology 68, 1993-2005. 

Long-term climate patterns are also recognized as external factors that drive the behavior of lake and catchment biogeochemistry (Magnuson et al. 1990 Webster et al. 2000 Baron and Caine 2000). There are, however, very few studies that have addressed the impact of known long-term climatic patterns on surface waters. Anderson et al. (1996) related the dates of ice breakup in 20 Wisconsin lakes to the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO)... 

Anderson, W.L., Robertson, D.M. and Magnuson, J. J. (1996). Evidence of recent warming and El-Nino-related variations in ice breakup of Wisconsin lakes. Limnol. Oceanogr., 41, 815-821. 

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