Winterization soybean oil

The manufacture of lightly hydrogenated, winterized soybean oil led to the new terms selective hydrogenation and selectivity catalyst. Selective hydrogenation technically dehnes the preferential conversion of 18 3 18 2 relative to... 

Table 15.4. Analytical Requirements for Refined, Bleached, Deodorized, and Winterized Soybean Oil (Brekke, 1980)...

Evans et a/. (1964) gave the following data for hydrogenated, winterized soybean oil 90, 75, and 60% yield for a linolenic acid content of 3, 1, and 0.5%, respectively. Current procedures for winterizing are described by Neumunz (1978) and Hastert (1981). 

Stearine [Quest Int l. http //www.questnl]-, Sterotex HM NF [ABITEC http //www.abiteccorp.com]-. Superb Oil Hydro Winterized Soybean Oil 86-091-0 [ADM Refined Oils http //www.admworld.com], Witarix 440 [Sasol Germany http //www.saso . com,... 

HWSBO = hydrogenated-winterized soybean oil, n.r. = not reported, PV = peroxide value Flavor evaluations and PV determinations made after storage at 60°C for 8 days. 

Fig. 6. Schematic outline for manufacture of edible soybean oil products, where D = deodorization, W = winterization, and S = solidification (73).

Biodiesel is diesel fuel produced from vegetable oils and other renewable resources. Many different types of oils can he used, including animal fats, used cooking oils, and soybean oil. Biodiesel is miscible with petroleum diesels and can he used in biodiesel-diesel blends. Most often blends are 20 percent biodiesel and 80 percent traditional diesel. Soy diesel can be used neat (100%), hut many other types of biodiesel are too viscous, especially in winter, and must be used in blends to remain fluid. The properties of the fuel will vaiy depending on the raw material used. Typical values for biodiesel are shown in Table 1. 

Dunn, R. O., Shockley, M. W., and Bagby, M. O. 1997. Winterized Methyl Esters from Soybean Oil An Alternative Diesel Fuel with Low-Temperature Flow Properties. In SAE Spec. Publ. No. SP-1274, State of Alternative Fuel Technologies (pp. 133-142). Warrendale PA Society of Automotive Engineers (Paper No. 971682). 

Table 3.2 displays some examples for ternary blends of palm oil, soybean oil and rapeseed oil methyl esters. Under the price conditions given in the table, a typical winter formula would contain SQ-90% rapeseed methyl esters, with the balance mainly soy methyl esters and maybe a few percent of palm methyl esters. In summertime no rapeseed would be used. For Europe 70 to 80% soy methyl esters would combine with palm methyl esters as the balance. For Biodiesel in the U. S., the palm oil methyl ester content would be equally high, making the formula considerably cheaper than pure soy methyl esters. 

Winterizing is not practiced so widely in hot countries and its application is restricted mainly to sunflower, maize, cotton, ohve, ricebran, and partially hydrogenated soybean oils. The feedstock of the winterizing plant is usually bleached oil, sometimes neutralized or deodorized oil. The winterizing process is conducted in four steps ... 

Refined, bleached, partially hydrogenated, winterized, and deodorized, pure soybean oil. 

Lightly hydrogenated, winterized soybean salad oil became popular in the United States in the early 1960s (6), and all retail salad oil was of this type until the mid-1980s, when a new Wesson Oil was introduced. This oil, processed by the Wesson patented process, was stable and had a long shelf life without the need for hydrogenation. All other manufacturers soon changed to RED (refined, bleached, deodorized) salad oil. 

Fractionation or winterization is a process in which the more saturated molecular species in the oil are solidified during low temperature treatment and subsequently removed cold storage stability is thereby increased. When partially hydrogenated soybean oil is fractionated, the more saturated molecular species are removed to produce a clear oil that meets the requirements of a salad oil and a high-stability liquid oil. 

The official definition (FDA Standard of Identity) describes mayonnaise as a semi-solid food prepared from vegetable oil (no less than 65%), egg yolk and vinegar. Most mayonnaise in the US contains 75-82% oil which is usually soybean oil. Other salad oils that have undergone winterization (including partially hydrogenated soybean oil) can also be used in mayonnaise. The production of mayonnaise is partly an art due to the difficulty of producing the o/w emulsion in which the dispersed phase is seven times more than the continuous phase. Egg solids and processing conditions play critical roles in mayonnaise quality. 

Biodiesel made with commodity soybean oil tends to crystallize when used at low temperature (-2°C). Biodiesel made from soybean oil with a low content of 16 0, together with branched chain alcohols, has a decreased crystallization temperature (-7°C) (Lee et al., 1995). In the same way, when methyl soyate made from low-l6 0 soybean oil was winterized to decrease its saturation, and thus its crystallization temperature, the yield of the process was better than that from winterization of methyl soyate from commodity soybean oil (Lee et al., 1996). 

As was pointed out earlier in this chapter, canola oil is a natural salad oil and normally does not require winterizing. However, when there is a requirement for a liquid oil of improved stability, Teasdale (1966) has shown that canola oil offers a better source than either HEAR oil or soybean oil. Low erucic acid rapeseed oil, hydrogenated to 0.8% linolenic acid, was winterized to give a yield of 94-95% of salad oil having a cold test of 12 hr. HEAR oil, also hydrogenated to the 0.8% linolenic level, gave a yield of 75% having a cold test of 6 hr. 

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