Wildfire

Wildfires can pose great threats to life and property. Those at risk should develop procedures to address the risks to the facility s operation and individual safety. Many western states experience wildfires frequently, but other states also experience the risk of wildfire occurrence. Address these events when conducting the HVA. The National Interagency Fire Center (NIFC), located in 

serves as the country s support center for wildland firefighting. Seven federal agencies from the Departments of the Interior, Agriculture, and Commerce make up the contributors of the fire-center operation. The fire center website provides information on safety training, safety advisories, and fire incident reporting. 

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W. S. Dutton, One Thousand Years of Explosives from Wildfire to the H Bomb, Winston, Philadelphia, 1960. 

Figure 1. Generalized nutrient balance of ecosystems in the intervals between disturbance events. Natural disturbances such as wildfires, hurricanes, and floods as well as anthropogenic disturbances such as deforestation and biomass burning can dramatically influence nutrient inputs, internal cycles, and ecosystem outputs (losses).

Xu L, Pozniak A, Wildfire A, Stanfield-Oakley SA, Mosier SM, RatcUffe D, Workman J, JoaU A, Myers R, Smit E, Cane PA, Greenberg ML, Pillay D (2005) Emergence and evolution of enfu-virtide resistance following long-term therapy involves heptad repeat 2 mutations within gp4L Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49 1113-1119... 

Garcia E, Carignan R. 1999. Impact of wildfire and clear-cutting in the boreal forest on methyhnercury in zooplankton. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 56 339-345. 

The predictions for almost all communities in Canada include more violent winter storms, very high intensity rainfalls of short-duration, and extended heat waves with the accompanying increased risk of smog, wildfires, tree parasites, severe thunderstorms and tornadoes. Current structural design, farming,... 

Adaptation of better Emergency Preparedness Measures (e.g., to increased incidents of wildfires near residential areas, increased heat-related illnesses, more severe summer and winter storms). 

Increased Risks of Pests, Diseases, and Wildfires in Canada, from the Hotter Climate. 

Before the first World Trade Center bombing in 1993 and the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing, emergency incidents were primarily or generally thought to be caused by natural or accidental events. Examples of natural phenomena (events) include wildfires, flash floods, earthquakes, active volcanoes, droughts, and storms. These natural events are not entirely predictable, and they cannot yet be controlled or prevented (Meyer 2004). 

Increasing species range shifts and wildfire risk - ----------- 7... 

Wildfire is a very important factor in western forest ecosystems. In the San Bernardino Mountains, the fire frequencies were determined by McBride and Laven in two stand types before and after 1893, when the area was first set aside as a forest preserve and fire protection began. Before 1893, the average interval between fires in ponderosa stands was 12 yr after 1893, it was 24 yr. The comparable numbers for Jeffrey pine stands were 16 and 38 yr. The buildup of heavy fuels due to ozone-caused mortality and fire protection results in hotter fires, and the thinning of the tree canopy results in increased rates of fire spread. Hotter fires decrease tree survival. Moisture interception by condensation in living tree crowns would decrease as the stands became thinner, thus causing some sites to be drier. ... 

Inference of thermal history is most easily done for simple monotonic cooling. Nonmonotonic temperature-time history is difficult to resolve. Recently, there have been developments in inferring disturbances such as that by wildfire using fission track and U-Th-He techniques because these have low closure temperatures and can be easily disturbed. That is, the complexity may be turned into a tool to probe wildfire frequency in the geologic past. 

W.Sh. Dutton, "One Thousand Years of Explosives, From Wildfire to the H-Bomb", Winston, Philadelphia (I960)... 

After all, it takes only a single spark to persuade an entire forest to react with oxygen. The consequence in 1998-9 was a haze of smoke that covered Indonesia and altered the local climate. There is geological evidence for global wildfires in the distant past that make this one seem like a bonfire. 

Even today, Fairbanks suffers from carbon-based air pollution created from wildfires. The American Lung Association recently released a report ranking Fairbanks as one of the 25 most polluted metro areas in the nation—... 

Wildfires as a Source of Aerosol Particles Transported to the Northern European Regions... 

Keywords Aerosols, Chemical composition, Long-range transport, Wildfires... 

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