Wholesale distributors

Table 4.14 shows that the keener therapeutic competition in Spain and the more intense and broader price regulation enforced have restricted ex-factory prices enormously. However, the remuneration of wholesale distributors and pharmacists is very similar in the two countries. 

In the United Kingdom, manufacturers who provide special products must have an authorisation allowing special manufacture. A wholesale distributor will not be in breach of wholesale distribution rules and conditions if he handles a special product, provided that there is no departure from the terms of the rules. The exclusions facilitate compassionate use programmes where product is not authorised, either because it is still at the experimental stage or because it has been withdrawn from the market (for commercial or for safety reasons) or the product may simply never have been intended for full-scale... 

We now discuss a recent example of simulation that models three alternative configurations for a supply chain in the mobile communications industry at the Ericsson company in Sweden. A supply chain consists of several links which may be separate companies or independent business units of a single large company. Examples of links are retailers, wholesalers, distributors, and factories. Customary strategies imply that, at the individual links of the supply chain, decisions are made based on... 

Despite the fact that some French manufacturers had representatives in charge of medicinal products for import and distribution, the task was commonly carried out by wholesalers, distributors or by pharmacists themselves. 

The federal government has used its position of dominant funder in the prescription market to negotiate prices for medication that historically have been 30-40% lower than in the United States and Western Europe. Wholesale distributors and pharmacists are allowed to add specified mark-ups, and pharmacists also receive a professional dispensing fee resulting in the PBS dispensed price. In 1999, the average PBS dispensed price was 26.35, which equated to 3.65% of average weekly earnings. 

ALMOST FOUR IN TEN FOOD CHEMISTS WORK FOR FEDERAL, STATE OR LOCAL governments, especially concentrated in the US Department of Agriculture. Some work for agricultural service companies in the private sector, while others work for commercial research and development laboratories, wholesale distributors and food products companies. Over 1,600 food chemists are self-employed as consultants. 

Wholesale distributor An establishment or person who is engaged in wholesale distribution or has such distribution undertaken. 

Supplier A manufacturer, importer or wholesale distributor involved in supplying the next link in the chain of distribution. 

Establishment A manufacturer, importer, wholesale distributor or retail distributor. 

The wholesale distributor and retail distributor shall have competent and appropriately qualified personnel at their disposal. One of the staff shall be designated as responsible for ensuring that the operations are carried out in accordance with the rules laid down by this Executive Order. 

In the case of supplies to pharmacies and persons authorized under Danish law to supply medicinal products to the public, the wholesale distributor shall enclose documentation of the medicinal products supplied, cf. S. 

Medicinal products that are assumed no longer to comply with the current quality requirements, or which must not be supplied to the public because their shelf life has been exceeded, or which must not be supplied for other reasons, shall be returned by the retail or wholesale distributor to the manufacturer/importer or be destructed in an appropriate way. 

Required state licensure of wholesale distributors of prescription drugs. 

ASTM International (ASTM), originally known as the American Society for Testing and Materials, is an international standards organization that develops and publishes voluntary consensus technical standards for a wide range of materials, products, systems, and services. The American Supply Association (ASA) is the US national organization serving wholesale-distributors and manufacturers. 

A horizontal combination, as described in Chapter 17, means that each partner is at the same echelon. Partner capabilities will overlap. An example is two wholesale distributors partnering to offer increased geographical coverage. Hewlett-Packard and Compaq, as well as Daimler Benz and Chrysler, are examples of horizontal partnerships. 

Transactional Intermediary. Consider supply chain transactions from the customers, retailers, wholesaler/distributor, manufacturer, to the raw material suppliers.. Each supply chain player can be viewed as a intermediary between her upstream suppliers and downstream customers. Over the long run, a supply chain player is only engaged when she creates... 

In this chapter, intermediaries should be understood to be largely independent of the manufacturers, as issues of conflict are only relevant when intermediaries are motivated by their own objectives. Intermediaries take various names depending on the context, including reseller, wholesaler, distributor, retailer etc. Our focus will be restricted to intermediaries that play a sales role, as opposed to, say, serving purely as a communication channel. 

A wholesale distributor has to hold a wholesale distribution authorisation and must comply with Good distribution Practice (GDP). The Company has to maintain the quality and integrity of the delivered product, to keep it in the legal supply chain during storage and transportation. 

Wholesaler distributor s mark-up for information processing and customer service. 

Tang (2006) defined supply chain management as the management of material, information and financial flows through a network of organizations (i.e. suppliers, manufacturers, logistics providers, wholesalers/distributors, retailers) that aims to... 

Wholesale distributors selling hazardous chemicals to employers over-the-counter may also provide SDSs upon the request of the employer at the time of the purchase, and must post a sign or otherwise inform the employer that a SDS is available. 

Further, in the well documented model of Dell Direct (see Basu and Wright, 2(X)5, pp. 334-337), where the traditional retail channels are bypassed through the manufacturer selling and deUvering direct to customer, it might be considered that wholesalers, distributors and retailers are redrmdant. These are good examples but are isolated approaches to suit particular circumstances and products. For example, some products are best processed in batches and stocked in bulk (e.g. food processing and cool stores). In the course of this book we aim to establish the appropriateness of each model in the context of a big picture approach. 

Customers are both at the start and the end of the supply chain. A customer is the one who is paying for the goods or services or is most affected by the outcome of the process, hi a supply chain a customer could be a consumer, wholesaler, distributor or retailer. The demand for a product or service is created by... 

Nationai Wholesaler-Distributors Executive Summit, Jan. 25-27, Washington, DC, www.naw.org... 

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