Weak acids hypochlorous acid

What we have is a solution of two weak acid, hypochlorous acid (HOC1) and hypoiodous acid (HOI) ... 

Chlorine gas is added to the water in some large commercial swimming pools to kill bacteria. However, in most home swimming pools, either solid calcium hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)2) or an aqueous solution of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is used to treat the water. Both compounds dissociate in water to form the weak acid hypochlorous acid (HOC1). Hypochlorous acid is a highly effective bactericide. By contrast, the hypochlorite ion (OC1-) is not a very effective bactericide. Use the information above to answer the following questions about the acid-base reactions that take place in swimming pools. 

Anions of weak acids make up the second general category of weak bases. In an aqueous solution of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), for example, NaQO dissociates to Na and CIO ions. The Na ion is always a spectator ion in acid-base reactions. otsr (Section 4.3) The CIO ion, however, is the conjugate base of a weak acid, hypochlorous acid. Consequently, the CIO ion acts as a weak base in water ... 

Although a weak acid, hypochloric acid attacks aluminium because it decomposes readily into hydrochloric acid. 

Nitrous acid Hypochlorous acid ypg re usually weak. An example is acetic acid, CH3COOH,... 

Upon the addition of a weak acid (e.g., acetic acid), it reacts with the liberated hypochlorous acid giving NA -dichloro-p-toluenesulphonamide (dichloramine-T) which, being insoluble in water, crystallises rapidly ... 

Hypochlorous acid is a weak chlorinating agent. In acidic solution, it is converted to a much more active chlorinating agent Although early mechanistic studies suggested that Cl" " might be formed under these conditions, it has since been shown that this is not the... 

Hypochlorous acid is a weak acid and reacts further in water ... 

The reactor is designed to provide sufficient residence time (for recirculating liquid) for the reaction producing chlorate (started in the electrolyzers) to be completed. This involves further reaction of intermediates formed by the complex reactions in the electrolyzer, such as hypochlorite and hypochlorous acid, to produce chlorate. The reactor receives weak chlorate liquor from a crystallizer (not shown), fresh brine feed (also not... 

The ability of quaternary ammonium halides to form weakly H-bonded complex ion-pairs with acids is well established, as illustrated by the stability of quaternary ammonium hydrogen difluoride and dihydrogen trifluorides [e.g. 60] and the extractability of halogen acids [61]. It has also been shown that weaker acids, such as hypochlorous acid, carboxylic acids, phenols, alcohols and hydrogen peroxide [61-64] also form complex ion-pairs. Such ion-pairs can often be beneficial in phase-transfer reactions, but the lipophilic nature of H-bonded complex ion-pairs with oxy acids, e.g. [Q+X HOAr] or [Q+X HO.CO.R], inhibits O-alkylation reactions necessitating the maintenance of the aqueous phase at pH > 7.0 with sodium or potassium carbonate to ensure effective formation of ethers or esterification [49,64]. 

Hypochlorous acid, HOCl, is a weak acid that is found in household bleach. It is made by dissolving chlorine gas in water. 

Hypochlorous acid is a weak acid with a dissociation constant equal to 3 to 4 x 10 8, which is about 1/600th the strength of acetic acid. When it is stored it slowly decomposes according to the following equations ... 

Hypochlorous acid is a weak acid (pAa = — log Aa = 7.4) and decomposes slowly to give oxygen, even in dilute solution. It cannot be isolated in the free state. 

Constitution.—Hypochlorous acid, HOC1, is a very weak acid despite the presence of the non-metal chlorine, which gives to hydrochloric acid, HC1, such powerful acidic properties. D. Vorlander,15 therefore, assumed that the constitution is not H.C1 0, since such an acid would have a strength comparable with that of hydrochloric acid he considers that the chlorine of hypochlorous acid is polyvalent and unsaturated, and accordingly writes the formula HO.Cl. This, says he, is in accord with (i) its feeble acidic properties (ii) its ready oxidizibility to chloric acid and (iii) the ease with which it is decomposed—particularly into Cl and OH. The relation between water, hypochlorous acid, and chlorine monoxide is graphically shown by the formula ... 

J. Stieglitz has pointed out that in A. A. Jakowkin s reaction Cl2+H2O HOCl -f-H +Cr, part of the hypochlorous acid must form positive chlorine and negative chlorine ions in order to produce the neutral molecules Cl2 and H20. The ionization of hypochlorous acid—as an acid—will be HOCW H+OCl and as a base, HOCl =iHO,+Cl . There is also evidence that not only can hypochlorous act as a weak acid, but it can also act as a weak base. The basic properties of hypochlorous acid are illustrated by the iodoso- and iodonium compounds.16... 

Municipalities chlorinate both drinking water and wastewater by bubbling chlorine gas, Cl2, through the water. The chlorine reacts with the water to produce hypochlorous acid, HOC1, and hydrogen and chloride ions.The hypochlorous acid is a weak acid and so it remains unionized, as shown below.The hypochlorous acid is able to penetrate the nonpolar microbial cell walls, which makes it an effective disinfectant. 

Chlorine doesn t oxidize water, but instead disproportionates to a limited extent. The products are hypochlorous acid, HOC1, a weak acid in which chlorine is in the +1 oxidation state, and hydrochloric acid, a strong acid in which chlorine is in the —1 oxidation state ... 

The paper pulp should be basic. Sodium hypochlorite (NaCIO) is a salt prepared from a strong base (NaOH) and a weak acid (HCIO). Salts of strong bases and weak acids are basic. The solution is basic because the hypochlorous ion (CIO1) bonds with hydrogen ions (H+) from water leaving an excess of hydroxide ions (OH1-). The following equations describe the salt formation and the hydroxide ion formation ... 

The resulting aqueous solution containing sodium chloride and sodium hypochlorite is known as Javelle water and is used as an antiseptic (Dakin s solution). Treatment of Javelle water with a strong acid results in liberation (in solution) of the weak and unstable hypochlorous acid... 

By the use of a weak acid, however, only hypochlorous acid is liberated ... 

The salt solution at the equivalence point of a titration involving a weak acid or base will not be at neutral pH. For example, an equimolar solution of NaOH and hypochlorous acid HCIO at the equivalence point of a titration will be a base because it is indistinguishable from a solution of sodium hypochlorite. A pure solution of NaCIO(ag) will be a base because the CIO" ion is the conjugate base of HCIO, and it consumes H+(aqr) in the reaction CIO + H+ HCIO. 

Chloramines. It is formed when water containing ammonia is chlorinated or when ammonia is added to water containing chlorine (hypochlorite or hypochlorous acid). It is an effective bactericide and produces fewer disinfection by-products. However, chloramine is a weak disinfectant (less effective against viruses or protozoa than... 

Dichlorine oxide, CI2O, is best prepared on a laboratory scale by reacting chlorine with mercury oxide (equation 94). On an industrial scale, it can be prepared by reacting chlorine with moist carbonate (equation 95). This oxide is readily soluble in water to form hypochlorous acid (equation 96). Its salts, the hypochlorites, are quite stable and are used in the textile industries and to bleach wood pulp. The low-temperature crystal structme of CI2O reveals an essentially molecular structure [d(O-Cl) = 1.7092(4) A] with weak secondary interactions [d(0- Cl) = 2.7986(4) A] affording a distorted tetrahedral coordination around the O atom. ... 

Most acids are oxyacids, in which the acidic proton is attached to an oxygen atom. The strong acids mentioned above, except hydrochloric acid, are typical examples. Many common weak acids, such as phosphoric acid (H3P04), nitrous acid (HN02), and hypochlorous acid (HOC1), are also... 

Hypochlorous acid is a weak acid. The solution obtained by adding another acid, such as sulfuric acid, to a solution of a hypochlorite contains molecules HCIO, and very few hypochlorite ions CIO... 

For both these substrates Shilov and Yasnikov showed that hypochlorous acid is the active species in neutral or weakly alkaline solutions. In the range pH 5-9.5 the rate equation is... 

---